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Background Learning Subtopics
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Background Learning Topics
Background Learning Subtopics
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Petroleum Geology
Petroleum Geophysics
Petroleum Engineering
Formation Evaluation
Multi-Disciplinary
Petroleum Geology
Introduction and Overview
Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology
(t38098)
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Petroleum Exploration Overview
(s38099)
Basin Description and Classifications
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation
Exploration of a Petroleum Basin
Technical and Economic Risks in Exploration
Petroleum Generation and Maturation
(s38197)
Petroleum Chemistry
Crude Oil Classifications
Kerogen Types
Maturation Processes
Migration and Accumulation Processes
(s38266)
Migration Processes
Reservoir Porosity and Permeability
Trapping Mechanisms
Structural Traps
Stratigraphic Traps
Subsurface Environment
(t38405)
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Water Origins and Chemistry
(s38406)
Subsurface Water Origins
Oxidation/Reduction Potential and pH
Subsurface Water Salinity
Subsurface Water Composition
Fluid Behavior
Temperature and Thermal Gradient
(s38424)
Thermal Gradients and Heat Flow
Thermal Conductivities in Various Rock Types
Regional Thermal Variations
Pressure Environments
(s38469)
Components of Subsurface Pressure
Downhole Pressures
Potentiometric Surfaces
Overpressured Environments
Compaction Overpressuring Process
Compaction Overpressuring in Deltas
Hydrocarbon Properties
(t37993)
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Gas Properties and Classifications
(s37994)
Gas Properties and Classifications Overview
Properties of Non-Hydrocarbon Gases
Hydrocarbon Gases
Gas Hydrates
Crude Oil Properties, Classifications, and Alterations
(s38001)
Crude Oil Properties, Classifications, and Alterations Overview
Physical Properties of Crude Oil
Chemical Properties of Crude Oil
Classification and Occurrences of Crude Oils
Alteration of Crude Oil
Hydrocarbon Generation and Migration
(t39285)
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Generation and Maturation Processes
(s39286)
Petroleum Source Material
Organic Productivity
Preservation and Organic Destruction
Diagenesis of Organic Matter
Kerogen Components
Hydrocarbons and Kerogen Type
Chemical Changes with Kerogen Maturation
Depth, Temperature and Time Effects
Paleothermometry
Oil Shale
Migration Processes
(s39287)
Introduction
Primary Migration
Secondary Migration
Reservoirs
(t34)
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Rock Properties
(s1018)
Porosity Defined
Primary Porosity
Secondary Porosity
Permeability
Grain Size
Grain Sorting
Rock Fabric
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Diagenesis
(s1019)
Sandstone Burial
Sandstone Cementation
Sandstone Secondary Porosity
Sandstone Diagenetic Pathways
Carbonate Rock Types
Limestones
Dolomites
Atypical Reservoir Rocks
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Reservoir Continuity
(s1020)
General Considerations
Areal Continuity
Cross-Sectional Continuity
Case History: Handil Field, Indonesia
Case History: Intisar Field, Libya
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Traps
(t35)
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Hydrocarbon Traps: Introduction
(s1022)
Definitions and General Concepts
Trap Classifications
Structural Traps
(s1023)
Introduction
Fold Traps (Compressional)
Fold Traps (Compactional)
Fold Traps: Comparison of Major Types
Fault Traps
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Stratigraphic Traps
(s1024)
Introduction
Depositional Traps: Channels
Depositional Traps: Bars
Depositional Traps: Reefs
Diagenetic Traps
Unconformity-Related Traps
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Other Trap Types
(s1025)
Hydrodymanic Traps
Combination Traps
Diapir-Associated Traps
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Habitat of Hydrocarbons in Sedimentary Basins
(t36)
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Sedimentary Basins: Overview
(s1027)
Introduction
Geometry of Sedimentary Basins
Sediment Fill
Tectonic Processes and Timing
Basin-Forming Mechanisms
Basin Classification
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Cratonic Basins
(s1028)
Interior (Intracratonic) Basins
Foreland (Craton Margin) Basins
Divergent Margin Basins
(s1029)
Rift Basins
Pull-Apart Basins
Convergent Margin Basins
(s1030)
General Description
Fore-Arc and Back-Arc Basins
Non-Arc Basins
Collision Basins
Petroleum Features
Downwarp Basins and Tertiary Deltas
(s1031)
Downwarp Basins
Tertiary Deltas
Petroleum Characteristics by Basin Type
(s1032)
Distribution of Petroleum-Rich Basins
Distribution of Field Sizes
Distribution of Petroleum Characteristics
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Basic Skills of the Petroleum Geologist
Geologic Cross-Sections
(t37)
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Cross-Section Elements
(s1034)
Introduction
Input Data
Line of Section
Scale
Datum
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Cross-Sections in Two Dimensions
(s1035)
Introduction
Structural Cross-Sections
Stratigraphic Cross-Sections
Correlation and Geologic Interpretation
Completing the Cross-Section
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Cross-Section Diagrams in Three-Dimensions
(s1036)
Fence Diagrams
Block Diagrams
Cross-Sections: Computer Methods
(s4653)
Overview
Exercise No. 1
Structural Restoration: Concepts and Timing
(s36953)
Structural Restoration Introduction & Concepts
Mechanical Stratigraphy
Classical Balancing Techniques
Balancing Compressional Structures
Balancing Extensional Structures
Related Structures
Strike-Slip Faults
References
Subsurface Mapping
(t38)
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Lateral Correlation of Logged Data
(s1037)
Defining Surfaces
Delimiting Units
Contour Mapping
Mechanical and Interpretive Contouring
Structural Contour Maps
(s1038)
Introduction
Adequacy of Contours for Depicting Structure
Fault Detection
Vertical Faults
Normal/Oblique Normal Faults
Reverse Faults
Unconformities
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Isopach and Other Subsurface Maps
(s1039)
Isopachs of Time-Rock Intervals
Isopachs of Rock ( Lithologic ) Units
Isolith Maps
Compound Maps
Subcrop Maps
Miscellaneous Maps and Their Applications
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Paleo-Structure Maps
(s36986)
Introduction
Why make Paleo-Structure Maps
The Migration of Fluids in the Subsurface
This is Now, What was Then
Conclusions
References
Prospect Generation
(t39)
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Prospect Generation: Basic Concepts and Definitions
(s1040)
Anomalies and Leads
Prospects
False Anomalies
Prospective Regions or Trends
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Prospect Generation in Frontier Regions
(s1041)
Introduction
Data and Technical Requirements
Case Study- Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska
Hydrocarbon Potential and Risk
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Model Prospects
(s1042)
Deltaic-Growth Fault Model ( Devillier Gas Field )
South Louisiana Model ( Turtle Prospect )
Mississippi Wilcox Model
Muddy Sandstone Model
Models of Exploration by Remote Sensing
The Red Fork Channel Sandstone Model
Reef Models
Turbidite Models
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Reservoir Geology
Nonmarine Sandstone Reservoirs
(t49)
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Classification of Nonmarine Sandstones
(s1050)
General Considerations
Rules of Thumb and Their Limitations
Alluvial Fan Environments
(s1051)
Introduction
Depositional Processes and Lithologic Characteristics
Paleontology
Geometry
Associated Facies
Diagnostic Evidence
Braided Stream Environments
(s1052)
Introduction
Depositional Processes and Lithologic Characteristics
Paleontology
Geometry
Associated Facies
Diagnostic Evidence
Basic Reservoir Characteristics
Examples
Meandering Channel Alluvial Systems
(s1053)
Introduction
Depositional Processes and Lithologic Characteristics
Paleontology
Geometry
Associated Facies
Diagnostic Evidence
Basic Reservoir Characteristics
Examples
Eolian Environments
(s1054)
Introduction
Depositional Processes and Lithologic Characteristics
Paleontology
Geometry
Associated Facies
Diagnostic Evidence
Reservoir Characteristics
Examples
Lacustrine Environments
(s1055)
Introduction
General Characteristics
Examples
Shelf Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(t51)
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Introduction to Shelf Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(s1061)
Continental Shelf Sands
Reservoir Aspects: Summary
Depositional Processes of Shelf Sands
(s1062)
Tidal Currents
Storm Currents
Turbidity Currents
Exercise No. 1
Shelf Sand Deposits
(s1063)
Overview
Sand Sheets
Sand Ridges
Exercise No. 1
Diagnosis and Detection of Shelf Sands
(s1064)
General Considerations
Paleontology
Associated Facies
Seismic
Well Logs
Cores
Shelf Sands Distinguished from Shoreline Sands
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Petroleum Geology, Reservoir Characteristics
(s1915)
Shelf Sands: General Observations
Example: Hartzog Draw Field, Wyoming, USA
Marginal Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(t50)
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Introduction to Marginal Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(s1057)
Depositional Influences
General Classifications
Principal Sedimentary Processes
Deltaic Environments
(s1058)
Significance to Petroleum Exploration
General Depositional Setting
Delta Classifications
Upper/Lower Delta Plain Subenvironments
Subaqueous Subenvironment
Transgressive Processes
Braided Stream and Point Bar Deposits
Distributary Channel Sand Deposits
Crevasse Subdelta Deposits
Distributary Mouth Bars
River Mouth Tidal Ridge Deposits
Barrier Island Sands
Reservoir Characteristics
Deltaic Vertical Sequence
Example: Handil Field, Indonesia
Depositional Processes, Effect on Structure
Seismic Identification
Fan Deltas
Summary; General Characteristics
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Barrier Islands
(s1060)
Introduction
Relative Influence of Wave and Tidal Processes
Distribution of Facies
Morphology and Depositional Processes
Beach to offshore Facies
Regressive Vertical Sequences
Associated Sand Facies
Sand Plains and Chenier Deposits
Stratigraphic Sequence
Paleontology
Morphology
Reservoir Characteristics
Identification of Barrier Island Deposits
Field Example: Bell Creek Field, Montana
Summary; General Characteristics
Exercise No. 1
Deepwater Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(t2613)
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Introduction to Deepwater Marine Sandstone Reservoirs
(s2614)
Deep Sea Sands
Reservoir Aspects: Summary
Sedimentation Processes
(s2615)
Introduction
Slumps and Slides
Debris Flows
Grain Flow
Fluidized Flow
Turbidity Currents
Flow Relationships
Exercise No. 1
Depositional Systems
(s2616)
Submarine Fans: Overview
Elongate Submarine Fans
Radial Submarine Fans
Radial Submarine Fan: Example
Slope-Apron Systems
Deep Sea Sedimentation Controls
Lithofacies of Submarine Fans and Associated Systems
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Subsurface Diagnosis and Detection
(s2617)
Paleontology
Associated Facies
Cores
Well Logs
Seismic
Sequence Stratigraphy
(s2618)
Introduction
Models
Exercise No. 1
Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Characteristics
(s2619)
Introduction
Channel Reservoirs
Submarine Fan Reservoirs
Porosity Evolution in Sandstone Reservoirs
(t52)
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Description of Sandstone Porosity
(s1065)
Introduction
Sandstone Porosity Classification
Sandstone Pore Systems
Capillary Pressure Characterization
Controls on Primary Porosity
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Diagenesis
(s1066)
Introduction
Mechanical Compaction
Chemical Compaction
Relationship of Compactional Processes
Authigenic Cementation
Factors Influencing Porosity Reduction
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Secondary Porosity
(s1067)
Introduction
Description and Recognition Criteria
Fracture Porosity
Shrinkage Porosity
Dissolution Porosity
Diagenetic Processes Resulting in Secondary Porosity
Factors Influencing Creation of Secondary Porosity
Diagenetic Cycle of Sandstone
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Evaluation Tools and Techniques
(s1068)
Describing Porosity
Interpreting Porosity Evolution
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
EandP Applications
(s1069)
Porosity Prediction
Diagenetic Traps
Reservoir Aspects of Secondary Porosity
Reservoir Aspects of Authigenic Clays
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exploration in Carbonate Rocks
(t53)
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Introduction to Exploration in Carbonate Rocks
(s1072)
Approach to Facies Analysis
Economic Significance of Carbonate Reservoirs
General Sedimentary Setting
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Carbonate Rocks Described
(s1073)
Carbonate Grain Types
Classification of Carbonate Rocks
Principles of Carbonate Sedimentation
Carbonate Ramp Model
Carbonate Shelf Model
Carbonate Shelf Model Through Time
General Depositional Settings and Sedimentary Cycles
Principle Depositional Models and Environments
Carbonate Diagenesis
Dolomitization
Carbonate Porosity
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Analysis of Carbonate Rocks and Facies Distribution
(s1074)
Overview of Petrophysical Properties
Tools and Techniques
Stratigraphic Framework
Disconformities and Exposure Surfaces
Seismic Stratigraphy
Exercise No. 1
Nonmarine Carbonate Settings
(s1075)
Introduction
Lacustrine Environment
Carbonate Dune Environment
Caliche
Cave Deposits
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Coastal Setting
(s1076)
Introduction
Carbonate Beach Depositional Model
Tidal Flat and Sabkha Depositional Models
Swamps in Carbonate Depositional Complexes
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Shelf Setting
(s1077)
Introduction
Restricted vs. Open Shelf Environments
Muddy Shelf Sands
Tidal Deltas
Mudbanks
Patch Reefs
Shelf Sand Bodies
Shelf Basins
Shelf-Margin Setting
(s1078)
Introduction
Reefs: Introduction
Detection and Delineation of Shelf Margins
Ecologic Reefs
Seismic Indications
Reef Reservoir (Example)
Shelf-Margin Sand Bodies
Other Shelf-Marginal Depositional Models
Ancient Carbonate Reef Margins: Examples
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Foreslope Setting
(s1079)
Introduction
Depositional vs. Bypass Foreslopes
Modern Examples of Foreslopes
Depositional Models in Foreslope Settings
Ancient Examples of Foreslopes
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Basinal Setting
(s1080)
Introduction
Modern Basinal Carbonate Sediments
Main Depositional Models and Facies Types
Ancient Basinal Carbonates
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Porosity Evolution in Carbonate Rocks
(t54)
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Introduction to Porosity Evolution in Carbonate Rocks
(s1082)
General Considerations
Porosity (Fabric Selective)
Porosity (Non-Fabric Selective)
Breccia Porosity
Capillary Pressure Curves
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution
(s1083)
General Considerations
Marine Diagenesis
Subaerial Diagenesis: Overview
Subaerial Diagenesis in Older Carbonate Rocks
Subaerial Diagenesis in Young Carbonate Sediments
Burial Diagenesis
Dolomitization: General Considerations
Dolomite Properties and Chemistry
Dolomite Porosity and Permeability
Dolomitization Models: Overview
Reflux Dolomitization Model
Tidal Flat Dolomitization Model
Mixed Waters Dolomitization Model
Burial Compaction Dolomitization Model
Fracturing
Exercise No. 1
Evaluation of Porosity and Diagenetic History
(s1084)
General Considerations
Rock Studies
Wireline Logs
Petrography
Geochemistry
Exercise No. 1
Porosity Evolution and Petroleum Exploration
(s1085)
General Considerations
Beach/Dune Complex (Example)
Tidal Flat/Sabkha Facies (Example)
Carbonate Buildups (Example)
Pinnacle Reef Environments (Example)
Basinal Carbonates (Example)
Fracture Production (Example)
Porosity Evolution and Field Development
(s1086)
General Considerations
Microporosity
Moldic and Vuggy Porosity
Permeability Barriers
Waste Zones
Evaporites and their Role in Petroleum Exploration
(t55)
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Introduction to Evaporites and their Role in Petroleum Exploration
(s1088)
Evaporites Described
Economic Significance of Evaporite Settings
History of Evaporite Research
Evaporite Mineralogy
Diagenesis
Diagenesis: Gypsum/Anhydrite Conversion
Analysis from Wireline Logs and Seismic Lines
Using Seismic Lines
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Sabkha Depositional Facies and Reservoirs
(s1089)
Overview
Modern Sabkhas: Arabian (Persian) Gulf
Depositional Facies
Sabkha Signature
Sabkha-Based Reservoir Models
Ancient Sabkha-Associated Reservoirs
Subaqueous Evaporites
(s1090)
Overview
Modern Marine Subaqueous Evaporites
Ancient Subaqueous Evaporites and Reservoirs
Models of Subaqueous vs. Subaerial Deposition
Basin-Wide Evaporites and the Anomaly of Deepwater Evaporites
Ancient Depositional Models
(s1091)
Overview
Platform Evaporites
Basin-Wide Evaporites
Summary
Exercise No. 1
Salt Structures, Sediments and Hydrocarbons
(s1092)
Overview
Salt Movement
Growth of Salt Structures
Modern Salt Structures
Models of Reservoir Occurrence
Salt Structure Reservoirs
Salt Structure and Reservoirs in Tectonically Active Provinces
Reservoirs Associated with Salt Solution
Exercise No. 1
Evaporite/Dolomite/Hydrocarbon Association
(s1093)
Dolomite Reservoirs Associated with Evaporites
Sabkha Dolomite Model
Reflux Dolomite Model
Burial Dolomite Model
Indicators of Dolomite Origins
Timing of Dolomitization
Evaporites as Seals
Evaporitic Sediments as Source Rocks
Basic Geostatistics
(t23340)
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Introduction to Basic Geostatistics
(s23341)
Background
Classical Statistical Concepts
(s23343)
Introduction
Populations and Samples
Trials Events and Probability
Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions
Univariate Data Analysis
Bivariate Statistical Measures and Displays
Data Posting and Validation
(s23350)
Exploratory Data Analysis
Search Neighborhood Criteria
Spatial Description
Grids and Gridding
Traditional Interpolation Methods
Map Display Types
Moving Window Statistics
Regionalized Variables
(s23358)
Introduction
Spatial Continuity Analysis
Spatial Cross-correlation Analysis
Stationarity in Regionalized Variables
Model Variograms
Kriging
(s23364)
Kriging Overview
Cross-validation
Data Integration
(s23367)
Cokriging
External Drift Kriging
Measurement Errors
Conditional Simulation
(s23371)
Conditional Simulation and Uncertainty Estimation
Public Domain Geostatistics Programs
(s23373)
Overview
Selected Readings
(s23377)
Books and Articles
Additional Reading
Geostatistics Glossary
(s23379)
Terminology
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Subsurface Facies Analysis
(t48)
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Sedimentary Environments and Facies
(s1043)
Environments and Depositional Systems
Lithofacies
Depositional Sequences
Environmental Indicators
Exercise No. 1
Lithology
(s1044)
Lithological Analysis
Grain Size of Terrigenous Sediments
Chemistry of Terrigenous Sediments
Mineralogy of Terrigenous Sediments
Exercise No. 1
Sedimentary Structures, Geometry and Facies
(s2611)
Sedimentary Structures
Geometry
Associated Facies
Exercise No. 1
Microfossils as Paleoenviromental Indicators
(s2612)
Use of Microfossils
Foraminifera
Ostracods
Other Common Microfossils
Trace Fossils
Sources of Information
(s1045)
General Considerations
Cores and Cuttings
Wireline Logs
Seismic Data
Exercise No.1
Exercise No. 2
Sandstone Reservoir Facies
(s1046)
Alluvial Fans
Braided Streams
Meandering Stream Channels
Eolian Dunes
Lacustrine Deposits
Deltas
Fan Deltas
Coastal Barrier Islands
Continental Shelf Sands
Deep Sea Sands
Case Study: Marchand C Sandstone, Oklahoma
Exercise No. 1
Carbonate Reservoir Facies
(s1047)
General Considerations
Lithologic Parameters
Carbonate Rock Classifications
Dolomite
Analytical Methods and Procedures
Carbonate Shelf Model Overview
Coastal Setting
Shelf Setting
Shelf Margin Setting
Foreslope Setting
Basinal Setting
Case Study: San Andres Formation, Texas
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Classic Sequence Stratigraphy
(t56)
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General Concepts
(s1095)
Introduction
Definitions
Sequence Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy
Seismic Stratigraphy
Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Cyclostratigraphy
(s1096)
Introduction
Types of Cycles
Duration of Stratigraphic Cycles
Events
Amplitudes and Scales
Causes of Cycles
Climactic Effects
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
The Making of a Stratigraphic Sequence
(s1097)
Interglacial Warm Period: Sea Level Highstand (HST)
Global Cooling Period: Falling Sea Level (SMST)
Glacial Maxima: Sea Level Lowstand (LST)
Global Warming Period: Rising Sea Level (TST)
Summary
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Sequence Stratigraphy
(s1098)
Relative Sea Level Components and Accommodation Space
Depositional Geometries of Stratigraphic Sequences
Carbonate Model
Clastic Model: Overview
Clastic Model: Sequence Boundaries
Clastic Model: Lowstand Systems Tract (LST)
Clastic Model: Transgressive Systems Tract (TST)
Clastic Model: Highstand Systems Tract (HST)
Clastic Model: Shelf Margin Systems Tract (SMST)
Clastic Model: Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)
Chronostratigraphy and Lithostratigraphy
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Interpretation of Stratigraphic Sequences
(s1099)
Integrated Interpretation Procedures
Seismic Profiles
Seismic Profiles (Example)
Well Logs and Cores
High-Resolution Biostratigraphy
Sea-Level Cycle Charts
Prediction of Lithofacies and Depositional Environments
Reservoir Exploitation and Production
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Conclusions and Current Controversies
(s1100)
The Sequence Stratigraphic Model
Nomenclature
Sea Level Curves and Global Eustasy
The Question of Data Bases
Stratigraphic Disciplines and Sequence Stratigraphy
(t37151)
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Introduction to Stratigraphic Disciplines and Sequence Stratigraphy
(s37152)
Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Disciplines
Stratigraphic Surfaces and Time
Material-based Stratigraphic vs. Chronostratigraphy
Sequence Stratigraphy as a Stratigraphic Discipline
Theoretical Foundations for Stratigraphic Surfaces
Historical Development of Sequence Stratigraphic Concepts and Methods
(s37158)
Outcrop studies, pre-1977
Exxon Sequence Stratigraphic Model
Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence
Time-based Sequence Model
Transgressive-Regressive “T-R” Sequence
Another Time-based Depositional Sequence Boundary
Summary
References
Material-based Surfaces of Sequence Stratigraphy
(s37167)
Introduction to Material-based Surfaces
Subareial Unconformity
Regressive Surface of Marine Erosion (RSME)
Shoreline Ravinement (SR)
Maximum Regressive Surface (MRS)
Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS)
Slope Onlap Surface (SOS)
Sequence Stratigraphic Surface vs. Lithostratigraphic Surface
References
Base Level Change Model for the Generation of Sequence Stratigraphic Surfaces
(s37176)
Base Level Change Introduction
Model Variance
References
Time-Based Surfaces of Sequence Stratigraphy
(s37247)
Time Based Surfaces Introduction
Chronostratigraphic Surfaces
Old Surfaces / New Definitions
Conceptual Surfaces BSFR and CC
Units of Sequence Stratigraphy - Sequences
(s37252)
Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence
Introduction to the Depositional Stratigraphic Sequence
Determining the Validity of a Proposed Depositional Sequence Boundary
Exxon Material-based Depositional Sequence Boundaries
Valid, Material-based, Depositional Sequence Boundaries
Time-based Depositional Sequence Boundaries
Employing the Basal Surface of Forced Regression
Summary
Units of Sequence Stratigraphy - Systems Tracts
(s37261)
Systems Tracts Introduction
Material-based Approach with Three Systems Tracts
Material-based Approach with Two Systems Tracts
Time-based Approach for Systems Tracts
Time-based Approach with Four Systems Tracts
Time-based Approach with Three Systems Tracts
Summary of the Various Classification Schemes for Systems Tracts
Units of Sequence Stratigraphy - Parasequences
(s37268)
Parasequences Introduction
Parasequence as a Lithostratigraphic Unit
Parasequence versus Sequence
Summary
Sequence Boundary Hierarchy
(s37273)
Sequence Boundary Introduction
Theoretical Hierarchy
Why a Theoretical Hierarchy is not Practical
Empirical Hierarchy
Assessing Sequence Boundary Magnitude
First and Second Order Boundaries
3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Order Boundaries
Greenhouse Boundaries versus Icehouse Boundaries
Establishing a Hierarchy for a Basin
Summary Sequence Boundary Hierarchy
Base Level Drivers
(s37284)
Introduction
Drivers of Base Level Change
Eustatic Sea Level Change as a Base Level Driver
Recognizing Eustatically - Generated Sequence Boundaries
Tectonics as a Base Level Driver
Extent of Tectonically - Generated Sequence Boundaries
Base Level Drivers Summary
Correlation with Sequence Stratigraphy
(s37292)
Introduction
Sequence Stratigraphic Surfaces Useful for Correlation
Correlating Interbedded Nonmarine and Shallow Marine Strata
Correlation in Fluvial Strata
Correlating Deep Marine Siliciclastics
Correlating Carbonate Strata
Summary
Sequence Stratigraphy - Facies Analysis Applied to Petroleum Geology
(s37300)
Facies Analysis Introduction
Sequence Analysis and Facies Prediction
Concluding Remarks
Micropaleontology For Petroleum Exploration
(t36879)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Overview
(s36882)
Introduction
Reasons for employing biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment
What is covered in this course and what is not
Modern Paleontology
(s36883)
Introduction
Why use micropaleontology
Biostratigraphy, zonation, resolution
Concepts, definitions, application, limitations
Factors affecting the quality of the biostratigraphic record
Biostratigraphic correlation
Caution in utilizing biostratigraphic correleation by itself
Petroleum and microfossils
(s36884)
Introduction
Some oceanography
Continental Margins
Microfossiles in paleoenvironmental studies
Paleobathymetry (depth zonation)
Biofacies
(s36885)
Biofacies Analysis
Causes of difficulty (Pitfalls in biostratigraphic and biofacies analysis
Microfossils through geologic time
Habit of Petroleum
Deep-Sea Drilling and its contribution to Marine Geology and Micropaleontology
Chronostratigraphy and Microfossils
(t36880)
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Microfossil Datasheets
(s36886)
Introduction
Microfossils through geologic time
Microfossil Nomenclature
Microfossil Collection and Preparation Techniques
(s36887)
Samples, Cuttings and Cores
Microfossil Preparation Techniques
Microfossils Requiring Extractive Techniques
Sources of Contamination
Chronostratigraphy and Geochronology
(s36888)
Introduction
Chronostratigraphic sections and international consensus
Emergence of the Absolute Time Scale
A new time scale
Chronostratigraphy
(s36889)
Introduction to Isotope
Isotopes
Conventions
Oxygen Isotope Basics
Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy
Strontium Isotopes
Chemostratigraphy
(t37415)
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Analytical techniques for Chemical Properties of Strata
(s37416)
Introduction
Applications of Chemostratigraphy
Chemostratigraphic Correlation Frameworks
(s37419)
Introduction to Chemostratigraphic Correlation Frameworks
Chemostratigraphic Correlation
Characterization of Sedimentary Sequences
(s37422)
Characterization of Sedimentary Sequences Introduction
Organic-rich Turbidites
Volcanic Turbidites
Calcareous Turbidites
References
Ongoing Development in Biostratigraphy
(t36881)
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Sequence Biostratigraphy
(s36890)
Introduction
Unconformities
Sequences
High resolution sequence stratigraphy
Graphic Correlation
Thermal Alteration Microfossiles
(s36891)
Introduction
Integrated Stratigraphic Analysis
Consultants Reports
(s36892)
Selecting a Consultant
Magnetostratigraphy
(t37005)
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Fundamentals of Magnetostratigraphy
(s37006)
Introduction
Historical Background
Theoretical
Magnetic Mineralogy
Magnetic Minerals
Other Ferromagnetic Minerals
Magnetic Domains
(s37013)
Magnetization of Fine-grained Particles in Rocks
The Origin of Remanent Magnetization in Rocks
Remanent Magnetization
Field Methods
(s37017)
Introduction to Field Methods
Analytical Equipment
Depositional Environments
General Age of the Strata
Sampling Procedures
Sampling Theory
Sampling in the Field
Hand sampling
Sampling with a Pomeroy Drill
Sampling for Age Calibration
Types of Analytical Equipment
(s37028)
Field Free Space
Cryogenic Magnetometer
Spinner magnetometer
Laboratory Techniques
Alternating Field Demagnetization Equipment
Thermal Demagnetization
Thermal Demagnetization Furnaces
Chemical Demagnetization
Determining the Demagnetization Techniques to be Used on a Suite of Samples
Graphical Techniques for Displaying Results
Identification of the Primary and Secondary Components of Remanence
Precision of the Data
Field Tests for Accuracy of the Paleomagnetic Data
Developing a Local Paleomagnetic Polarity Reversal Scale
Tectonic Interpretation of Basin Subsidence History
Downhole techniques
Applications in the Petroleum Industry
References Cited
Geochronological Dating Techniques
(t37181)
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Isotopic Dating Techniques
(s37182)
Isotopic Dating Introduction
K-Ar Dating
U-Pb and Th-Pb Dating
References
Fission Track Dating
(s37187)
Fission-Track Dating Introduction
Theory behind the Dating Technique
Criteria Essential for Apatite FTD Application
Sample Collection Field Methods
Laboratory Sample Preparation
Choosing the Grains
Dating the Sample: The External Detector Method
References
Structure, Tectonics and Rock Deformation
Petroleum Geomechanics
(t38537)
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Fundamental Concepts of Geomechanics
(s38538)
Overview of Geomechanics Concepts
Stress
Mohr's Circle
Strain
Linear Elasticity
Anisotropy
Rock Deformation
(s38547)
Rock Deformation Introduction
Elastic-Plastic Processes
Brittle Processes
Ductile Processes
Time-Dependent Processes
Rock Mechanical Properties
(s38614)
Introduction to Rock Mechanical Properties
Laboratory Testing of Static and Elastic Properties
Laboratory Testing of Rock Strength
Geophysical Methods for Measuring Elastic Properties
Geophysical Methods for Estimating Rock Strength
Earth Stress
(s38635)
Introduction to Earth Stress
Determining the Contemporary State of Stress
Borehole Measurements
Observations on Stress in Sedimentary Rocks
Modeling Horizontal Stress
Mechanical Earth Model
(s38657)
Introduction
Sources of Data
The Mechanical Earth Model (MEM)
MEM Workflow
Applications of Geomechanics
(s38686)
Introduction to Geomechanical Applications
Completion Applications: Sanding
Completion Applications - Hydraulic Fracturing
Completion Applications: Fracturing Horizontal Wells
Reservoir Geomechanics
Structural Geology
(t37865)
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Examples of Recent Plate Tectonic Movement
(s37866)
Plate Tectonic Movement Overview
Transform Fault Systems
Subduction Zones
Fold and Thrust Belts
Rifting Systems
Stress and Strain
(s37893)
Stress and Strain Overview
Stress
Deformation and Strain
Strain Ellipsoid
Rock Strength
Mechanical Properties Logs as an Estimate of Formation Strength
Folds
(s37874)
Introduction to Folds
Description of Folds
Basic Fold Geometry and Orientation
Fold Mechanisms and the Distribution of Strain
Minor Structures Associated with Folding
Pressure Solution and Stylolitization
Faults
(s37883)
Faults Overview
Dip Slip and Strike Slip Faults
Fault and Fault Zone Material: Sealing and Communication Aspects
Structures Associated with Faults
Principle Stress Directions in the Development of Faulting and Fracturing
Thrust Faults, Tear Faults, and Transform Faults
Recognizing Faults in Well Logs
Joints and Fractures
(s37902)
Joints and Fractures Overview
Influence of Lithology and Bed Thickness
Basic Techniques for Determining Fracture Orientation
Fault Associated Fractures
Fold Associated Fractures
Wellbore Breakouts and In Situ Stress
Unconformities and Structures of Non-Tectonic Origin
(s37911)
Importance of Unconformities
Recognizing Unconformities
Structures of Non-tectonic Origin
Structural Styles: Tectonic
(s37961)
Tectonic Structural Styles Overview
Classification of Extensional, Compressional, and Strike-Slip Styles
Extensional Styles: Basement Involved
Extensional Styles: Basement Not Involved
Compressional Styles: Basement Involved
Compressional Styles: Basement Not Involved
Strike-Slip Tectonics: Wrench Faults
Structural Styles: Non-Tectonic and Intracratonic
(s37971)
Introduction to Non-Tectonic and Intracratonic Structural Styles
Differential Loading: Salt Tectonics
Differential Loading: Shale Structures
Differential Loading: Gravity Structures
Intracratonic (Vertical) Tectonics: Basement Warps
Process Modeling of Structural Geology
(s37981)
Purpose of Modeling
Restoration Techniques
Laboratory Experiments and Analogue Modeling
Numerical Modeling
Process Modeling and Compressional Structural Styles
Process Modeling and Extensional Structural Styles
Process Modeling and Strike-Slip Structural Styles
Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Basins
(t38315)
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Introduction to Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Basins
(s38316)
Introduction to Plate Tectonics and Petroleum Geology
Basic Concepts of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonic Model Introduction
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Plate Boundaries
Plate Tectonics
(s38333)
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
Plate Motion
Paleogeographic Reconstructions
The Cyclicity of Plate Tectonics: The Wilson Cycle
Plate Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Exploration
Sedimentary Basins
(s38354)
Geological Characteristics
Basin Analysis and Petroleum Systems
Mechanisms of Basin Formation
Stratigraphy and Depositional Patterns
Basin Classification and Hydrocarbons
Divergent Margins and Rift Basins
(t59)
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Sedimentary Basins and Continental Margins
(s1116)
Introduction
Divergent Margins
Transtensional Margins
Convergent Margins
Rift Basins
Sag Basins
Petroleum Habitat
(s1117)
Introduction
Source Beds, Traps and Reservoirs
Thermal Maturation
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Rifting and Basin Development
(s1118)
Introduction
Geophysical Expressions
Rift Development Theories
Mechanics of Rifting
Tectonics and Divergent Margin and Rift Basin Development
Subsidence in Convergent Margin and Rift Basin
Sedimentary Processes: Overview
Sedimentary Processes During Rifting and Extension
Development of Passive Margin Sequences
Sedimentary Patterns: Influencing Factors
Classification of Divergent Margin and Rift Basins
Structural Styles and Trapping Mechanisms
(s1909)
Introduction
Normal and Transfer Faulting
Subsidence-Related Structures
Salt Structures
Nonmarine Basins in the Continental Interior
(s1119)
Eastern China
Rhein Graben
Sudan
East Africa
Rio Grande Rift
Dead Sea Rift
Yemen
Benue Rift
Marine Basins in the Continental Interior
(s1120)
North Sea Region
West Siberian Basin
Sirte Basin
Gulf of Suez
Michigan Basin (and Similar Basins)
Proto-Oceanic Basins
(s1121)
Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
Subsided Divergent Margins
(s1122)
Niger Delta Basin
Ivory Coast
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Australia
India
Gulf of Mexico
Exploration Considerations
(s1910)
General Guidelines
Convergent Margin Basins
(t60)
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Convergent Margins
(s1123)
Introduction
Placement in the Plate Tectonic System
General Characteristics
Significance in Petroleum Geology
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Basin Classification and Development
(s1124)
General Considerations
Crustal Layering
B-Type (Benioff, or Sumatra-Type) Basins
A-Type (Alpine, or Mediterranean-Type) Basins
Andean-Type Basins
Basin Development
(s1127)
Process Description
Trenches
Accretionary Wedges
Forearc Basins
Backarc Basins
Variations in Subduction Zones
Heat Variations vs. Faulting
Basin Development on Cratons and Divergent Margins
Basin Development Models
Exercise No. 1
Foreland Basins and Associated Structures
(s1128)
Introduction
Quantitative Modeling of Basin Dynamics
Development Models: Appalachian Basin
Fault Bend, Fault Propagation and Detachment Folds
Duplexes and Imbricate Thrust Systems
Piggy-Back Basins
Other Structural Features
Petroleum Habitat
(s1125)
Sedimentation and Structure
Petroleum Generation
Petroleum Migration
Petroleum Entrapment
Convergent Tectonic Regimes
(s1126)
Sumatra/Java
Japan
Alaska: Cook Inlet Basin
California
Arkoma Basin, South-Central U.S.
Makran Coast, Iran/Pakistan
Carpathian Arc
Central and Southern Alps and Apennies
Caribbean Subduction Complex
Papua-New Guinea
Zagros Trend
Andean Belt
Exploration Considerations
(s1129)
General Approach
Geochemistry
Introduction to Petroleum Chemistry
(t61)
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Petroleum
(s1130)
Organic Orgin
Properties and Composition
Principal Subdivisions
Application of Data
Geochemical Base
API Gravity
Hydrocarbon Groups
(s1131)
Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)
Normal Alkanes
Branched Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Arenes)
Applications of Saturated Hydrocarbon Data
Applications of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Data
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Resins
(s1134)
General Description
Heteroatom Designations
Heterocompound Designations
Applications of Resin Data
Asphaltenes
(s1135)
General Description
Designations
Applications of Asphaltene Data
Organic Matter: Progenitor of Petroleum
(s1137)
Introduction
Carbon Cycle
Biological Processes
Preservation Processes
Composition of Organic Matter
Exercise No. 1
Organic Matter Maturation
(s1138)
Introduction
Diagenesis
Kerogen Classification
Products of Diagenesis
Catagenesis and Metagenesis
Process Overview
Exercise No. 1
Geochemical Evaluation Overview
(s1139)
Introduction
Source Rock Studies
Correlation Studies
Source Potential (Inherent)
(s1140)
Introduction
Kerogen Richness
Kerogen Proneness
Source Potential (Realized): Kerogen Evaluation
(s5193)
Introduction
Thermal Alteration Index
Conodont Alteration Index
Vitrinite Reflectance
Fluorescence
Pyrolysis
Source Potential (Realized): Bitumen/ Petroleum Evaluation
(s5194)
Introduction
Gaseous Hydrocarbons
Liquid Hydrocarbons
Maturation Characteristics
Correlation Studies
(s5195)
Specific Discriminating Properties
Broad Data Assemblages
Applications of Petroleum Geochemistry
(t62)
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Geochemical Prospecting
(s36941)
Introduction to Geochemical Prospecting
Concepts of Geochemical Prospecting
Adsorbed Gas Survey in Integrated Exploration
Interpretation of Geochemical Prospecting
Advantages of Geochemical Prospecting
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Geochemical Analyses: Kerogen
(s1142)
Organic Carbon Content
Maceral Separation
Chemical Composition: General Considerations
Chemical Composition: Elemental Analysis
Chemical Composition: Pyrolysis
Special Analyses
Geochemical Analyses: Bitumen/ Petroleum
(s1143)
Extraction Techniques
Separation Techniques: Asphaltene Precipitation
Separation Techniques: Chromotography
Separation Techniques: Mass Spectrometry
Special Analyses
Geochemical Analyses: Analytical Procedures
(s1144)
Organic Carbon Determination
Kerogen Separation
Kerogen Typing
Kerogen Reflectance
Elemental Determination
Pyrolysis Analysis
Pyrolysate Characterization
Sample Degassing
Micronization Extraction
Solvent Extraction
Asphaltene Precipitation
Liquid Chromotography
Gas Chromotography
Geochemical Analyses: Sample Types
(s1145)
General Guidelines
Outcrop Samples
Cuttings Samples
Core Samples
Petroleum Samples
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Geochemical Analyses: Sampling Procedures
(s1146)
Outcrop Specimens
Dried Cuttings
Canned Cuttings
Stored Core
Gas Emanations
Crude Oil
Pressurized Gas
Geochemical Programs in Petroleum Exploration
(s1147)
Introduction
Program Feasibility
General Program Sequence
Screening Analytical Phase
Detailed Analytical Phase
Final Interpretation Phase
Scheduling and Costs
Geochemistry and Basin Evaluation
(s4662)
Introduction
Analytical Basin Studies
Thermal History Basin Studies
Mathematical Basin Studies
Exercise No. 1
Geochemical Problem Solving
(s4663)
Biomarker Applications and Molecular Configurations
Biomarker Interpretation
Migration Effects
Biodegradation and Alteration of Crude Oil
Less Common Source Rocks
Geochemical Prospecting
Concepts
Interpretation
Advantages
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Petroleum Technology for the Non-Engineer
Drilling and Well Completion
(t40)
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Drilling Fundamentals
(s1148)
Historical Background
Surface Drilling Environments
Subsurface Drilling Environments
Exercise No.1
Rotary Drilling Rig Components
(s1149)
Basic Rig Types
Basic Rig Functions
Hoisting and Rotating Systems
Circulating System
Well Control System
Power Generation/Transmission System
Exercise No.1
Drillstring, Drill Bits and Drilling Fluid
(s1150)
Drillstring
Drill Bits
Drilling Fluids
Exercise No.1
Drilling Operations
(s1151)
Planning and Site Preparation
Operations Management
Drilling Procedure
Drilling Problems
Well Control
Well Evaluation
Offshore Drilling
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Well Completion Technology
(s1152)
Basic Completion Methods
Completion Procedures
Perforation of Cased-Hole Completions
Stimulation
Sand Control
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Case Histories, Drilling and Completion Programs
(s1153)
Permian Basin, West Texas
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Ekofisk Field, Norwegian North Sea
Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia
Production Technology
(t41)
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Well Completions
(s1156)
Casing and Tubing
Downhole Configurations
Subsurface Completion Equipment
Wellhead and Surface Flow Control Equipment
Exercise No. 1
Surface Production Facilities
(s1157)
Separation
Oil Treatment
Oil Metering
Gas Treatment and Compression
Gas Metering
Water Treatment and Disposal
Offshore Considerations
Field Examples of Production Systems Worldwide
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Production System Performance
(s1158)
System Components
Inflow Performance
Vertical Lift Performance
Surface Flow Performance
Total System Pressure Loss
Gas Well Performance
Production System Design Example
Exercise No. 1
Artificial Lift
(s1159)
Introduction
Gas Lift
Subsurface Pumping
Examples of Artificial Lift Applications
Exercise No. 1
Reservoir Management
(t993)
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Rock and Fluid Properties
(s1161)
Porosity
Permeability
Fluid Phase Behavior
Fluid Density, Viscosity and Compressibility
Wettability and Capillary Pressure
Exercise No. 1
Natural Drive Mechanisms in Petroleum Reservoirs
(s1162)
Natural Drive Mechanisms
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Water Drive
Gravity Drainage
Gas and Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Material Balance Relationships
Improved Oil Recovery
(s1163)
Introduction
Waterflooding and Recovery Efficiency
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Chemical EOR Processes
Thermal EOR Processes
Miscible EOR Processes
Exercise No. 1
Reservoir Simulation
(s1164)
Basis for Reservoir Modeling
Geosteering: Fundamentals, Planning, and Implementation
(t36018)
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Directional Drilling: The Driving Force in Geosteering
(s36019)
Geosteering Overview
Directional Drilling Candidates
Directional Drilling Hardware: The Bottom Hole Assembly
Controlling Trajectory of Directional Wells
Directional Drilling Sections
Directional Drilling Terminology
Drilling Measurements and Logging Tools
(s36026)
Drilling Measurements and Sampling
Logging While Drilling Tools
Preparing the Geosteering Plan
(s36029)
Know the Target Reservoir
The Optimal Geosteering Plan
Uncertainty Planning
Handling Unexpected Changes in Geology
Geosteering Practices
(s36034)
Four Keys to Geosteering Success
Geosteering Interpretation Techniques
Communication of Target Changes at the Wellsite
Common Geosteering Mistakes and How to Avoid them
Best Practices
(s36056)
Geosteering Best Practices
Basin and Play Analysis
Basin Analysis
(t64)
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Basin Analysis and Petroleum Analysis
(s1173)
Introduction
Basin Formation Processes
(s1174)
Introduction
Rheology
Layered Earth Structure
Mechanical and Thermal Loads
Load Response: Airy Isostasy Compensation Model
Load Response: Flexural Compensation Model
Measuring Compensation, Loads and Deflections
Rheology and Subsidence Histories
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Geodynamic Models
(s1175)
Introduction
Kinematic Cooling Models Overview
McKenzie Stretching Model
McKenzie Model Derivatives
Other Cooling Models
Cooling Model Examples
Tectonostratigraphic Coupling
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Source Rocks
(s1176)
Formation and Preservation of Organic Matter
Diagenesis of Organic Matter
Hydrocarbons and Kerogen Types
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Maturation Processes
(s1177)
Kerogen Maturation
Depth, Temperature and Time Effects
Paleothermometry
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Sedimentary Basin Models
(s1178)
Quantitative Dynamic Stratigraphy
Forward and Inverse Models
Characteristics and Limitations
Geodynamic Models
Sedimentation Models
Stratigraphic Models
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Prospect Generation
(s1179)
Frontier vs. Mature Basins
Impact of Information
Impact of Stratigraphic Models
Exercise No. 1
Basin Histories and Properties
(s1180)
Time and Events in Basin History
Walther's Law of Facies Successions
Geohistory, Backstrip Analyses
Geohistory, Backstrip Diagram Corrections
Alternative Decompaction Approaches
Exercise No. 1
Mathematical Basin Analysis Models
(s1181)
Introduction
Backstripping Models
Geodynamic and Thermal Models
Model Calibration
Maturation Modeling
Migration Modeling
Thermodynamic Modeling
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Stratigraphic Basin Analysis Models
(s1182)
Introduction
Sequence Stratigraphic Models
Seismic Facies Analysis
Play Analysis
(t65)
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Play Analysis Introduction
(s1183)
Definitions and Objectives
Play Elements
(s1184)
Play Elements Overview
Source
Maturation
Reservoir
Migration
Seal and Trap
Unconventional Plays
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Play Controls
(s1185)
Introduction
Basin Classifications
Structural Styles
Depositional Systems: Overview
Clastic Depositional Systems
Carbonate Depositional Systems
Evaporite Depositional Systems
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Play Analysis Methods
(s1186)
Introduction
Sources of Information
Play Summary Development
Play Summary Presentation
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Risk Analysis
(s1187)
Overview
Conventional Play Example
Unconventional Play Example
Play Analysis Case Histories
(s5204)
Sudan Rift Basin
Lower Indus Basin
Marib Basin, Yemen
Eolian Stratigraphic Traps, San Juan Basin, USA
Deep Basin Gas Trap, Western Canada
Coalbed Methane, San Juan Basin, New Mexico
Shale Gas: Barnett Shale, Texas
Surface Tools and Methods
Photogeology and Remote Sensing
(t63)
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Remote Sensing Fundamentals
(s1166)
Introduction
Electromagnetic Energy and Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction Mechanisms
Image Characteristics
Types of Remote Sensing Systems
Aerial Photographs from Aircraft and Satellites
(s1167)
Introduction
Characteristics
Photomosaics
Stereo Pairs and Photogeology Interpretation Example: Wyoming, USA
Low Sun-Angle Photographs
Normal and IR Color Photographs
High-Altitude Photographs and Photographs from Space
Landsat Satellite Images
(s1168)
Introduction
Satellite Orbit Patterns
Image Index System
Landsat Satellites
Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI)
Landsat TM Image Geologic Interpretation Example: Wyoming, USA
Landsat TM Image Geologic Interpretation Example: Irian Jaya, Indonesia
Image Processing
Additional Examples of Landsat Geologic Interpretation Projects
Other Earth Resource Satellite Images: SPOT, JERS-1, IRS, and RESURS (Resource)
(s1169)
Introduction
SPOT Satellite (France)
SPOT Image Geologic Interpretation Example: Algeria
SPOT Stereo Images
SPOT Stereo Pair Geologic Interpretation Example: Wyoming, USA
Comparison of SPOT and Landsat Images
JERS-1 Satellite (Japan)
IRS Satellites (India)
RESURS (Resource) Satellites (Russia)
Thermal Infrared Images
(s1170)
Introduction
Thermal Properties and Processes
Thermal IR Image Geologic Interpretation Examples
Landsat Thermal IR Images
Other Thermal IR Systems
Radar Images
(s1171)
Introduction
Aircraft Radar Systems
Stereo Pair Radar Images
Radar Image Characteristics: Look direction
Radar Image Characteristics: Highlights and Shadows
Radar Image Characteristics: Image Foreshortening (Layover)
Radar Image Characteristics: Dielectric Properties and Backscatter Coefficient
Radar Image Characteristics: Surface Roughness
Radar Image Characteristics: Polarization and Interferometry
Satellite and Spacecraft Radar Systems
Radar Interaction in Forested and Vegetated Terrain
Radar Geologic Interpretation Example of Tropical Terrain: Irian Jaya, Indonesia
Radar Geologic Interpretation Example of Desert Terrain: Eastern Sahara, Sudan
Remote Sensing Applied To Petroleum Geology
(s37600)
Introduction
Swamp Terrain in Equatorial Africa Exploration Project
Papua New Guinea Exploration Project
Central Arabian Arch Exploration Project
Summary
Geographical Information Systems
(t36166)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Introduction to Geographical Information Systems
(s36168)
Preface
Introduction
Content Outline
GIS Design and Systems
(s36172)
Principles of GIS Design
Types of Data
Typical GIS Systems and Structures
Geodetic Frameworks
(s36176)
Background
Datums
Ellipsoids
Projections
Height Datum
Line Definitions
General and Background GIS Data
(s36183)
Overview
Raster and Vector Data
Digital Elevation Models
Historical Data
Exploration and Production GIS Data
(s36188)
Exploration Phase
Production Phase
Attributes and Associated Data
Petroleum Geophysics
Introductory Topics and Seismic Signals
Fundamentals of Exploration Geophysics
(t37759)
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Petroleum Geophysics Overview
(s37760)
History of Geophysics
The Evolution of the Geophysicist
The Evolution of Seismic Technology
Finding Hydrocarbon Accumulations
Seismic Methods
(s37775)
Introduction to Seismology
Seismic Wave Types
Signal Theory
(t38060)
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Signal Theory Introduction
(s38061)
Signal Theory Introduction
Digital Representation of Waveforms
Sampling Precision
Sampling Frequency
Signal Reconstruction
Waveform Theory
(s38069)
Single Sinusoid Waveform
Adding Sinusoids
Adding Harmonics and the Fourier Series
Line Spectra
Fourier Integral
Amplitude Spectrum
Phase Spectrum
Phase Spectra
Minimum Phase Spectrum
Summary of Waveform Characteristics
Operators
(s38084)
Introduction
Linearity
Frequency Response of Linear Operators
Time Response of Linear Operators
Superposition and Convolution
The Complete Fourier Series
Differentiation of Waveform
Integration of Waveforms
Differentiation and Integration Relations
Filters
Signal Improvement
(s38117)
Introduction
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Filtering and Stacking
Deconvolution
Signal Improvement Summary
Correlation Techniques
(s38278)
Introduction
Cross-correlation Function
Auto-correlation Function
Pulse Compression Technique
System Impulse Response
Auto-correlation Application
Seismic Pulse
(t38289)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Source Signal Theory
(s38290)
Introduction to Source Theory
Explosive Source Types
Impulsive Surface Sources
Marine Sources
Attributes of the Seismic Pulse
(s38301)
Source Array Response
Measurement of the Source Array Response
Acoustic Impedance and Particle Velocity in Rock
The Propagating Pulse
(s38308)
Source Signature
Spherical Spreading
Attenuation and Absorption
Scattering
Seismic Ray Theory
(s38325)
Snell's Law and Fermat's Principle
Huygens' Principle
Ray Tracing
Waveform to Geologic Model
(t37918)
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Rock Properties and the Seismic Response
(s37919)
Define Measured Seismic Attributes and Rock Properties
Forward Modeling Overview
Full Wave Imaging
Rock Properties and Seismic Velocity
(s37926)
Relating Seismic Velocity to Density in a Thin Section
Defining Shear Velocity
Shear Velocity and Grain Contacts
Defining Compressional Velocity
Compressional Velocity and Grain Contacts
Using Compressional/Shear Velocity Ratio to Define Velocity
Rock Properties and the Velocity-Density Relationship
(s37936)
The Velocity-Density Relationship
Factors Affecting the Velocity-Density Relationship
Velocity-Density in Shales
Velocity-Density Relationship in Sandstones
Density in Carbonates and Other Rocks
Rock Properties and Seismic Attributes
(s37945)
Introduction to Seismic Attributes
Defining Geology with Time Based Attributes
Changes in Velocity
Reflection Strength Attributes
Reflection Polarity and Character
Correlating Seismic Data to Geologic Events
(s37954)
Introduction to Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Stratigraphy
Detecting Oil and Gas
Seismic Reflection
(t38376)
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Reflection Theory
(s38377)
Basic Reflection Concepts
Reflection at Normal Incidence
Transmission at Normal Incidence
Convolution and Superposition Models
The Fresnel Zone
Diffuse Reflections and Multiples
(s38435)
Introduction to Diffuse Reflections
Buried Focus Effect
Transmission Decay and Reflection
Introduction to Multiples
Types of Multiples
Reflection and Geologic Interfaces
(s38443)
Geological Interface Overview
The Tuning Effect
Non-Depositional Reflectors
Depositional Reflectors
Refraction Theory & Non-Normal Incidence
(s38491)
The Basic Theory of Seismic Refraction
Refraction Interpretation Methods
Non-Normal Incidence
Mode Conversion
Practical Uses for Mode Conversion
Seismic Instruments and Field Techniques
Introduction to Field Work
(t72)
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Introduction to Field Work
(s1219)
Overview
Improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(s1220)
Ambient Noise Reduction
Coherent Noise Reduction
Scattered Noise Reduction
Arrays and Groups
Ghost Reflections
Multiple Coverage in Action
(s1221)
Multiple Coverage Assumptions
2D Coverage
3D Coverage
Converted Wave
Recording Instruments
(s1222)
Introduction
Station Selection
Amplification
Fine Tuning the Signal
Recording
Wireless Recording Systems
Equipment Testing
The Total System
The Land Seismic Source
(s1223)
Explosive Sources
Other Shooting Methods
Non Explosive Sources
The Land Seismic Receiver
(s6004)
Overview
The Seismic Record
(s6005)
Event Identification
Spatial Sampling
Acquisition Constraints
(s6006)
Typical Numbers
Maps and Imagery in Seismic Planning
(s37243)
Maps and Imagery in Seismic Planning
Google Earth and Mapping Tools
Costs and Contracts
(s6007)
Contractual Considerations
Typical Seismic Contract.
Marine Work
(s6008)
Overview
Typical Seismic Vessel Specifications
Seismic Vessel Overview
Shipboard Processing
Marine Streamers and Recording Instruments
Streamer Maintenance
Marine Seismic Source
Water Guns
Source Signatures
The Transition Zone
(s6009)
Making the Transition
Special Equipment
Multi-Component Data
(s6010)
Overview
Organization of the Field Crew
(s6011)
Organizing the Field Crew
Safety
(s6012)
Overview
The Location of Seismic Lines
(s6013)
Objectives and Considerations
The Observer's Report
(s6014)
Overview
Surveying and Mapping on Land
(t75)
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Objectives and Requirements
(s1224)
Surveying and Mapping on Land
Objectives and Requirements
The Figure and Rotation of the Earth
(s1225)
The Figure and Rotation of the Earth
Frames of Reference
(s1226)
Frames of Reference
Map Projections
Grid Systems
Databases
Noncoordinate Systems
Surveying Methods
(s1227)
Surveying Instruments
Surveying Methods
Curvature Refraction and Parallax
Land Surveying in Practice
(s1228)
Land Surveying in Practice
Azimuth Determinations
Line Layout
Field Notes
Survey Closure
Quality Control
Survey Monumentation
The Surveyor's report
Satellite Positioning Methods
(s1229)
Satellite Positioning Methods
System Errors
Point-Positioning Surveys by 3-D Fixes
More Notes on Doppler Effect
The Global Positioning System
Carrier Vs. Code
Differential Positioning
Setting Control
Specifications of a Land GPS Receiver
Positioning and Mapping at Sea
(t76)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Introduction to Positioning and Mapping at Sea
(s1231)
Overview
Introduction
Towed Streamer Acquisition
(s1232)
Marine Seismic Operations
Definition of Coordinate Reference Frame
Source, Receiver and Common Depth Point Coordinates
Survey Design, 3D Binning Grids and Sail-Line Definitions
Acquisition, Logging, Processing and QC of navigation data
Satellite Positioning Systems
(s1233)
Development of Satellite Positioning Systems
GPS and Differential GPS
Tail-buoy tracking and Secondary Vessel Positioning
GPS Vessel Orientation
GPS in Summary
Secondary Positioning Systems
(s1234)
Secondary Positioning Systems
Vessel Gyro
Acoustic Networks and Ranges
Laser Gun-Float and Buoy Positioning
Cable Compasses
Gun and Cable Depth Sensors
Offsets, Lay-backs and Along-Cable measurements
Echo Sounders
Positioning Systems Calibration
(s1235)
Introduction
Static Calibration
Dynamic Calibration
Magnetic Declination and Compass Bias
Measuring Water Depths
Definitions Controls and Checks
(s1236)
Contracts and Technical specifications
Survey design and Bin Grid Definition
Health Safety and Environmental and Operational Considerations
Sail-Lines, Coverage, Feather, Bin-Fill and Undershoots
Navigation Data
(s1237)
Logging Raw Navigation Data
P2 Raw Data
Contractors' Navigation Data Processing
Navigation QC and Reporting
(s1238)
Navigation Quality Control
Statistical Analysis of Error
Communication and Reporting
Maps, Charts, Post-Plots, Bathymetry and GIS
Additional Exploration Positioning Requirements
(s1239)
Overview of 2D, OBC, Transition Zone, and 4D Acquisition
Exploration Site Investigation and Rig Positioning
New Developments
(s1240)
RTK, Full-Stream Acoustics, and Wide-swath Shooting
Supplemental Information
(s5796)
Brief History of Positioning Technology
Geodesy Datums, Spheroids and Projections
Water Depth, Tides, Chart Datum, and Bathymetric Charts
Implications to Health, Safety and Environment
Technical Audit and Survey Audit Considerations
Seismic Processing - Navigation Requirements
Sample Navigational Technical Specification
Survey Design, Bin-Grid and Sail-Lines
Radio Positioning Systems
Multiple Coverage
(t77)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Background
(s6198)
Introduction
The Development of Multiple Coverage
The Benefits and Limitations of Multiple Coverage
(s6201)
Attenuation of Noise
The Redundancy of the Method of Multiple Coverage
Velocity Information
Spatial Aliasing
The Tolerances of Multiple Coverage and Common-midpoint Stacking
The Surface Diagram
(s6207)
Introduction
The Source-Receiver Plane
The Midpoint Diagram
Shots Between Groups
The Calculation and Annotation of Fold
Surface Diagrams in 3D Acquisition
Multiple Coverage at Sea
(s6214)
Introduction
Achieving Full Coverage
Waterbreak Analysis
Location of the Source
Feathering
The Two-ship Operation
3D Coverage
Multiple Coverage On Land
(s6222)
Introduction
The Rollalong Switch
Spread Geometry
Irregularities in the Line Progression
The Crooked Line
3D Acquisition Geometries
Other Operational Considerations
Common-midpoint Stacking
(s6230)
Common-midpoint Stacking
Migration and Multiple Coverage
(s6232)
Migration and Multiple Coverage
Vertical Seismic Profiling
(s6234)
Vertical Seismic Profiling
Summary and Conclusions
(s6236)
Summary and Conclusions
Array Design
(t78)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Array Design
(s6106)
Introduction to Array Design
Factors Affecting Group Dimensions
(s6108)
Practicality
Lateral Resolution
Averaging of Plants
Ambient Noise
The First Breaks
The Air Wave
Rough Terrain
Normal Moveout
Formation Dip
Spatial Aliasing
Suppressing Source Generated Noise
Source Generated Noise
Approaches to Array Design
(s6121)
The Traditional Approach
Developments of the Traditional Approach
The Stack-Array Approach
Relative Advantages of Each Approach
Traditional Array Design
(s6126)
Field Testing
Traditional Array Design
Array Geometries
Response of Linear Arrays
Frequency Response of A Linear Array
Response of the Tapered Array
Combinations of Source and Receiver Arrays
Optimum Combination of Two Linear Arrays
The Chebychev Array
Areal Arrays
Field Tests Measuring Source Generated Noise
(s6137)
Review of Elastic Waves
Wave Spread Testing
Array Comparison Tests
Box Wave Testing
Synthesizing Test Arrays From Production Data
A Final Note: the Balance
A Universal Approach to Acquisition
(s6144)
Introduction
Range of Velocities
Universal Parameters
Economic Justification
Symmetrical Sampling
Arrays in 3D
(s6150)
Arrays in 3D Overview
Arrays at Sea
(s6152)
Hydrophone Arrays
Source Arrays
Super Long Arrays
Vibroseis
(t79)
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Vibroseis in Principle
(s1253)
Vibroseis
The Vibroseis Concept
Compressing a Sweep into a Pulse
Vibroseis System
Correlation
The Vibroseis Wavelet
Cross Correlation
Vibroseis in Practice
(s1254)
Vibroseis in Action
The Vibrator
The Vibrator Electronics
The Effects of Distortion
Instrumental Considerations
Practical Considerations in the Fields
Special Techniques
Specialized Equipment
Choosing the Field Variables
(t80)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Introduction and Basic Concepts
(s1256)
Scope
Defining the Exploration Problem
Defining the Geophysical Problem
Vertical Resolution
Improving the Resolution
Deconvolution and Signal Noise Bandwidth
Lateral Resolution
Judgements From the Field Data
(s1257)
Historical Data
Judgements from Field Data
Benefits From Processing
Field Variables
(s5939)
Reasoned Progression for Choosing Field Variables
Experimental Shooting
(s1258)
Are Field Experiments Necessary?
Test Methods
Criteria for Choosing Field Variables
(s1259)
Sampling
Ranges
Receiver Arrays
The Source
Relation of Source Points to Geophone Stations
3-D Geometries
The Land Impulsive Source
(s5940)
The Land Source
Source Variables
Source Effort
The Vibroseis Source
(s5941)
Vibroseis Overview
The Linear Sweep
The Nonlinear Sweep
Whitening the Spectrum Through Nonlinear Sweeps
Signal-to-Noise Considerations
Nonlinear Sweep Conclusions
Vibroseis Techniques
Procedure for Designing a Vibroseis Survey
Receivers and Recording Systems
(s5942)
Receiver Overview
Recording Systems
Marine and Transition Zone Surveys
(s1260)
Differences Between Marine and Land Surveys
Sources
Streamers
Ship Speed and the Stack Array
Considerations for Transition-Zone Surveys
Conclusions
(s5943)
Economic Considerations
Factors Affecting the Seismic Program
Conclusion
Quality Control in the Field
(t81)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Introduction to Quality Control in the Field
(s1262)
Field Quality Assurance in Geophysics
Basic Concerns of the Client
Specifications
Land Surveys
(s1263)
Objectives
Instrument Tests
Operational Quality
Vibroseis
Vibroseis Limitations
Reporting
Marine Surveys
(s1264)
Positioning
Sources
Instrument and Streamer Tests
Missing Shots and Other Problems
Reporting
Safety and Environmental Concerns
(s1265)
Overview
High Energy Sources
Blasting Concerns
Avoiding Environmental Damage
Driving
Helicopter Operations
Cost Effectiveness
(s1266)
Why Consider Cost Effectiveness
Survey Contracts
Multicomponent Seismic Applications
(t6105)
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Introduction to Multicomponent Seismic Applications
(s6287)
P- and S-waves
Exploration Value
(s6289)
Introduction: the Value of P- and S-wave Data
Predict Fractures
Improved Structural Image
Improved P-wave Seismic
Predicting Fluid Type
Theory
(s6295)
Wave Propagation
Shear Wave Splitting
Velocity and Rock Properties
Conversion
Reflection and Refraction
Amplitude Variation With offset
Shear Source Shear Receiver
(s6302)
Introduction
The Source
The Receiver
Polarity Convention
Orientation
Bandwidth
Compression Source Compression Receiver
(s6309)
Overview
Compression Source Shear Receiver
(s6311)
Compression Source – Shear Receiver
The Reflection Point
Polarity Issues
Land Converted Wave Acquisition
Marine Operations
Processing
(s6317)
Introduction
Rotation
Binning
Statics
NMO
Effect of Lateral Velocity Variation
Prestack Depth Migration
P and Z Summation
Interpretation
(s6326)
Depth Calibration
Vp/Vs Analysis
Amplitudes
Anisotropy
Layer Stripping
Improved Structural Images
Predicting Fluid Type
Predicting Lithology
Predicting Fractures and Permeability
Review of Best Practices
(s6336)
Review of Best Practices
Seismic Processing
Basic Processing
(t36504)
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Basic Processing Overview
(s36505)
Objective of Seismic Processing
Basic Seismic Processing Sequence
The Utility of CMP Data
Frequency Filtering
Array Simulation
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Pre-Processing and Deconvolution
(s36513)
Data Loading and Demultiplexing
Trace Editing
Gain Recovery and Trace Equalization
Datum Corrections
Deconvolution
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Stacking and Velocity Analysis
(s36521)
CMP Sorting
Velocity Analysis
Normal Moveout Correction
Multiple Attenuation Dereverberation
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Migration and Post-Processes
(s36529)
Seismic Migration
Post-Processes
Display
Initial Processes
(t36535)
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Field Data
(s36536)
Introduction
SEG Seismic Field Recording Format (SEG-D)
SEG Seismic Trade Format (SEG-Y)
The Observer Report and Field Notes
Initial Checks
Pre-Processing Flow
(s36542)
Introduction
Gain Recovery
De-Multiplexing
Re-Sampling
Assigning Geometry
Datum Corrections
Amplitude Adjustments
Trace Editing
Commom MidPoint Gather
Common Offset Gather
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Practical Considerations
(s36558)
The Choice of Variables and Processing Order
Reprocessing
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Velocities
(t36565)
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Influencing Factors
(s36566)
Rock Composition
Fracturing
Depth and Age
Differential Pressure
Pore Fluid Properties and Temperature
Velocity Variations
Summary
Exercise No.1
Seismic Velocities Definition
(s36575)
Normal Moveout
NMO for Dipping Layer
Stacking Velocities
Instantaneous Interval and Average Velocities
NMO Stretching
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Velocity Analysis
(s36584)
Introduction
Constant Velocity Stack Panel
Coherence Measures and the Velocity Analysis Display
Horizon Velocity Analysis
Practical Considerations for Velocity Analysis
(s36591)
Processing Considerations
Selection of Velocity Analysis Variables
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Interpreting and Refining the Velocity Model
(s36596)
Picking and Verifying the Velocities
Residual NMO Analysis
Harmonizing Stacking and Well Survey Velocities
DMO
Additional Technologies
(s36601)
Velocity Analysis for Anisotropic Media
Tomographic Velocity Analysis
Migration Velocity Analysis
Static Corrections
(t36726)
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Basic Concepts
(s36727)
Introduction
Recording Considerations
Static Effects on the Stack
Statics in the Overall Processing Flow
Interpretive Considerations in Statics
Exercise No.1
Long Wavelength Statics
(s36733)
Introduction
Basic Statics Computations
Choosing a Seismic Datum
Geological Consideration
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Deterministic Techniques for Deriving the Near Surface Velocity Models
(s36738)
Introduction
Uphole Surveys
Seismic Refraction Theory and Application
Refraction Interpretation Methods
Tomography Statics
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Short Wavelength Static (Residual Static)
(s36744)
Introduction
Cross Correlation Methods
Surface Consistent Methods
Genetic Algorithms
Cross-Dip Corrections and 3-D Statics
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Layer Replacement Techniques
(s36750)
Introduction
The Effects of an Irregular Sea Floor
Layer Replacement by Ray - Trace Modeling
Wave Equation Datuming
Deconvolution
(t36653)
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Conceptual Introduction to Seismic Deconvolution
(s37583)
Conceptual Introduction to Seismic Deconvolution
Deconvolution When One Signal Is Known
Deconvolution When Both Signals Are Unknown
Non-Minimum Phase Sources
Multi Channel and Surface Consistent Deconvolution
Predictive Deconvolution
Parameter Selection
Basic Concepts
(s36654)
Introduction
The Convolutional Model
The Seismic Source
The Complete Seismic Model
Deconvolution in Theory
Deconvolution Parameters
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Single-Trace Statistical Deconvolution
(s36661)
Spiking Deconvolution
Zero-Phase Deconvolution
Predictive Deconvolution
Exercise No.1
Deterministic Methods
(s36665)
Dephasing Versus the Full Wavelet Inverse
Deconvolution with a Known Wavelet
Deconvolution with Known Reflectivity
Multi-Trace Deconvolution
(s36669)
Introduction
Shot Deconvolution
Surface-Consistent Deconvolution
Poststack Multi-Trace Deconvolution
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Alternative Methods of Deconvolution
(s36674)
Maximum Likelihood Deconvolution
Minimum Entropy Deconvolution
L1-Norm Deconvolution
Q Deconvolution
Exercise No.1
Practical Considerations in Deconvolution
(s36679)
Comparison Methods
Seismic Source
Deconvolution - A Suggested Processing Scheme
Exercise No.1
Stacking, Filtering and Display
(t36607)
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Common Midpoint Stacking
(s36682)
Definitions
Prestack Processes
The Mean Amplitude Stack
Benefits and Limitations
Irregular Geometry
Exercise No.1
Alternative Forms
(s36688)
Introduction
Weighting by Mute
Weighting by Offset
Median Stack
Diversity Stack
Trimmed Mean Stacking
Coherence Stack (or Semblance)
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Velocity Filters
(s36694)
Introduction
The Two Dimensional Filter
Pre-Stack Filtering
Post-Stack Filtering
Exercise No.1
Final Filtering
(s36699)
Band Pass Filters
Time Variant Filters
Filter Panels
Display
(s36703)
Final Amplitude Manipulation
Display Scales
Display Modes
Polarity Conventions
Plot Annotation
Multiple Attenuation
(t37611)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Multiples and their Characteristics
(s37612)
Introduction
Peg-Leg Multiples
Interbed Multiples
Long and Short Period Reverberations
Dip
Multiple Attenuation Method
(s37618)
Attenuation Techniques
Multiple Attenuation by Stacking
Multiple Attenuation using F- K and Radon Transforms
Multiple Attenuation by Prediction
Multiple Attenuation by Wave Field Extrapolation
Surface Related Multiple Elimination
Pressure and Velocity Summation
References
Seismic Migration
(t36616)
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Overview of Seismic Migration
(s36617)
Introduction
Migration Types
Methods
Modes
Effect of the Seismic Migration on the Geological Features
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Exercise No.5
Seismic Migration Methods
(s36628)
Introduction
Kirchhoff Migration
Finite Difference Migration
Fourier Transform Migration
Practical Considerations
Exercise No.1
Depth Migration
(s36635)
Introduction
Kirchhof Depth Migration
Finite Difference Depth Migration
Fourier Transform Depth Migration
Practical Considerations
Exercise No.1
2D Versus 3D Migration
(s36642)
Introduction
Two-Pass and One-Pass Techniques
Exercise No.1
Seismic Migration in Anisotropic Media
(s36646)
Introduction
Migration in VTI Media
Other Anisotropic Media
Exercise No.1
Synthetic Seismogram Modeling
(t37216)
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Synthetic Seismogram
(s574)
Basic Principles
Log Sampling, General Considerations
Sampling Methods
Backus Averaging
Comparison Section
Long-Path Multiples
Short-Path Multiples
Reflection Pulse
Practical Problems and Considerations
Matching the Trace to the Seismic Section
Applications
References
Recommended Reading
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Seismic Interpretation
Basic Seismic Interpretation
(t38736)
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Introduction to Seismic Interpretation
(s38737)
Introduction
Process of Seismic Interpretation
Where to Pick
Where to Time
Migrated and Unmigrated Sections and Line Ties
Structural Interpretation
(s38738)
Introduction
Faults and Sedimentary Accumulations
Timing of Structural Movements
Seismic Stratigraphy
(s38739)
Introduction
Sedimentary Layers
Unconformities
Erosional Channels
Mound Deposits and Reefs
Reef Interpretation
Absence of Reflections
Seismic Interpretation Methods
(s38740)
Seismic Modeling Introduction
Bright, Flat and Dim Spots
Crosswell Seismic
Interpretation with Seismic Attributes
(s38741)
Introduction
2D and 3D AVO Attributes
The Coherence Attribute
Instantaneous Attributes
Attribute Applications
Fault Interpretation
(t38868)
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Faults in Petroleum Provinces
(s38869)
Introduction
General Issues in Interpretation
Stress and Strain
(s38870)
Introduction
Stress
Strain
Rock Strength, Brittleness and Ductility
Principal Stress Directions and Faulting
Fault Nomenclature
(s38871)
General Terminology
Normal Faults
Thrust Faults
Strike-Slip Faults
Seismic Expression of Faults
(s38872)
Introduction
Faults and Diffractions
Perfect and Imperfect Migration
Fault Plane Reflection Coefficient
Steeply Dipping Fault Planes
Refracted Fault Plane Reflections
Reactivation and Wrenching
Fault Data Interpretation
(s38873)
Basic Interpretation Rules
Fault Plane Maps
Basic Principles of Structure Maps
The Role of Reflection Time
Divergent Basins: Structural Styles
(s38874)
Introduction to Structural Styles
Overview of Divergent Basins
Basement-Involved Faulting
Growth Faults
Salt Movement Faults
Shale Movement Faults
Gravity-Induced Faulting
Convergent Basins: Structural Styles
(s38875)
Overview
Basement-Involved Faulting
Faulting Without Basement-Involvement
Strike-Slip Basins
Cratonic Basins
Faults: 3D and Workstation Interpretation
(s38876)
Overview
Time Slices
Fault Slices
Case Studies
Seismic Contouring
(t39020)
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Contouring Fundamentals
(s39021)
Introduction
Shapes and Contours
Faulted Structures
Relevance of Line Spacing
Map Example: Kapuni Field, New Zealand
Contouring by Hand: Picking
(s39022)
Introduction
Basic Concepts of Picking
General Rules of Picking
Location Map
Contouring by Hand: Solving Misties
(s39023)
Misties
Misties in Unmigrated Sections
Misties in Migrated Sections
Misties Summary
Digitizing and Posting
Ray Migration and Demigration as a Tool in Handling Misties
Contouring by Hand: Practical Procedures
(s39024)
Contouring Procedures
Some Finer Points of Contouring
Rules of Contouring
Ethics of Contouring
Contouring by Machine
(s39025)
Introduction
Contouring Approaches
Gridding Approach
Triangular Approach
Interactive Workstations
Contour Maps: Operations
(s39026)
Interval Maps
Reservoir Area and Volume Calculations
Two-Dimensional Filtering: Trends and Residuals
Map Migration
Velocity Interpretation and Depth Conversion
(t39106)
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Seismic Velocities
(s39107)
Introduction
Average Velocity
Interval Velocity
Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Velocity
Normal–Moveout (NMO) Velocity
Normalized Interval Velocity
(s39108)
Lithology, Age, Pore Pressure and Depth
Sand-Shale Ratio
Depth-Normalized Velocity Method
Well Velocities
(s39109)
Sonic Logs
Checkshot Surveys
Vertical Seismic Profiles
Seismic Velocity Databases
(s39110)
Data Preparation
Quality Control Techniques
Gridding and Smoothing
Statistical, Systematic and Geological Errors
Time-Depth Conversion Methods
(s39111)
Effects of a Varying Water Layer
Constant Function Method
Time-Line Method
Average Velocity Method
Interval Velocity Method
Normalized Interval Velocity Techniques
(s39112)
Introduction
Compaction Curves
Iterative Depth Algorithm (IDA)
Lithology Determination
Interpretation Study Example
Additional Examples for Time-Depth Conversion
(s39113)
Nomenclature and Symbols
Layer Cake Depth Conversion
Monitoring Depth Conversions Using a Normalized Velocity-Lithology Correlation
Hydrocarbon Indicators
(t39389)
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Seismic Methods and Hydrocarbon Detection
(s39390)
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Hydrocarbon Indicator Validation: General Guidelines
Benefits and Display Capabilities: 3D Seismic Data, Workstations and Hydrocarbon Indicators
Reflections and Seismic Parameters
(s39407)
Huygens' Principle
Fresnel Zone
Amplitude
Phase Character
Frequency
Seismic Attributes and Their Preservation
(s39415)
Acquisition of Seismic Data
Waveform Processing
Amplitude Processing
Stacking Velocities, Moveout and Static Corrections
Dip Moveout Velocities (DMO)
Migration and Depth Migration
Optimized Processing Sequence for Stratigraphic Objectives
Use of Color Displays
Amplitude HCIs
(s39428)
Introduction
Geological Processes
Lithology Effects
Dim Spots in Zones II and III
Carbonates and Other Lithologies
Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO)
(s39436)
Energy Partitioning
AVO Methods
AVO Pros and Cons
AVO Modeling
AVO Case Studies
Seismic Modeling
(s39444)
Modeling Approaches
Structural Applications
Stratigraphic Applications
Inverse Models
Inverse Modeling Case Studies
Shear Waves and Other Hydrocarbon Indicators
(s39452)
Shear Waves
Multicomponent Surveys
Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSPs) and Borehole Tomography
4D Time Variant
Seismic Stratigraphic Modeling
(t95)
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Stratigraphic Prospects
(s1348)
Exploration Trends
Stratigraphic Traps
Seismic Data and Stratigraphic Information
Stratigraphic Seismology
(s1349)
Resolution
Stratigraphic Acquisition
Stratigraphic Processing
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Velocity and the Seismic Response
(s1350)
Velocity and Rock Properties
Reflection and Acoustic Impedance
Exercise No. 1
Forward Modeling
(s1351)
Introduction
Integration of Seismic and Subsurface Data
Synthetic Seismogram Modeling
Multi-Dimensional Modeling
Building a Geologic Model
Two-Dimensional Modeling: Pinacle Reef
Two-Dimensional Modeling: Sand/ Shale Sequence
Two-Dimensional Modeling: Gas-Bearing Sand
Stratigraphic Models: Case Studies
Three and Four-Dimensional Modeling
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Inverse Modeling
(s1352)
Inversion Processing
Synthetic Sonic Display
Case Study
Amplitude vs. offset Analysis
(s1353)
Energy Partitioning
AVO Models
Limitations of the AVO Method
Gas and Sand Case Study
Exercise No. 1
3D Seismic and Time-Lapse Methods
3D and 4D Seismic
(t23455)
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3D Seismic Techniques: An Overview
(s23456)
General Introduction
3D Methods Described
3D Seismic Data Acquisition
(s23459)
History and Early Development
Survey Design Criteria - Field Parameters
Pre-Acquisition Modelling
Wide Azimuth Benefits
Land Acquisition
Swath Shooting
Marine Applications
Transition Zone Acquisition
Navigation and Surveying
3D Seismic Data Processing
(s23467)
Seismic Data Pre-processing
Velocity Analyses
Trace Binning
NMO Statics and Stacking
Statics Scaling and Stacking
Migration
In-Field 3D Processing
3D Interpretation Basics
(s23475)
Interpretation Introduction
3D Displays
Time Slices
Composites
Colors in 3D Displays
Interpretation Workstations
Special Interpretation Capabilities
Movies
Structural Flattening
Interpreting and Picking Seismic Data
Interpreting Data on the Workstation
Interpreting Lines
Interpreting Time Slices
Interpreting Composite Displays
Using Contiguous Lines Time Slices and Movies
Tying Interpretations
Depth Conversion
3D Interpretation in Practice
(s23493)
Structural Overview and Skeleton Interpretations
Infill Picking
Specialized Techniques
Maps and Imagery in Seismic Planning
3D Interpretation - Summary
Overview of 3D Volume Visualization
(s23499)
Introduction
Fundamental Elements
Paring the Data
Case Studies
Visualization Software
4D Seismic Applications
(s23505)
Introduction to Time-Lapse Seismic in Reservoir Monitoring
Process Summary
Factors Controlling Project Feasibility
Designing the 4D Program
Case Study
Water Injection Case Study
Borehole Geophysics and Non-Seismic Methods
Gravity and Magnetics
(t38500)
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Introduction to Gravity and Magnetic Data
(s38501)
Introduction
The Basic Concepts of Gravity
Vectors and the Principle of Superposition
Gravity Measurements and Variations in Earth’s Gravity Field
Density of the Earth
(s38502)
Introduction
Density Computation
Density Contrasts
Sources of Density Data
Modeling the Gravity Effects of Geologic Bodies
(s38503)
Introduction and the Infinite Slab Model
Thin 2D Prism Model
Spherical Approximation Model
Semi-Infinite Horizontal Sheet Model
Computer Models
Reduction and Processing of Gravity Data
(s38504)
Introduction
Latitude Corrections
Free-Air Correction
Bouguer Correction
Corrections for Marine and Airborne Gravity
Satellite Gravity
Surface Gravity Interpretation
(s38505)
Introduction to Geologic Applications and Approach
Determining the Response
Analyzing Data Suitability
Determining Residual Gravity
Depth Estimation
Quantitative Gravity Modeling
Borehole Gravity
(s38506)
Borehole Gravity Applications
Density from Borehole Gravity
Advantages and Features of Borehole Gravity
BHGM Density Logging
Remote Sensing of Structures
Gravity Gradiometry and Time-Lapse Gravity Measurements
(s38507)
Gravity Gradiometry Fundamental Concepts
Gravity Gradiometry Case History
Using Time-Lapse Gravimetry For Reservoir Monitoring
Introduction to Magnetic Data
(s38508)
The Basic Concepts of Magnetism
Earth's Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force Fields
Modeling Magnetic Force Fields
Introduction to Rock Magnetism
Natural Remanent Magnetism
Magnetic Anomalies: Their Geological Significance and Signatures
(s38509)
Introduction to Magnetic Anomalies
Basement and Sedimentary Features
Intra-Basement Magnetization Contacts
Supra-Basement Structural Anomalies
Intra-Sedimentary Magnetic Effects
Diagenetic Anomalies
Ocean Floor Anomalies
Basic Magnetic Anomaly Signatures
Magnetic Instruments and Field Surveys
(s38510)
Introduction
Magnetic Survey Design
Magnetic Survey Temporal Corrections
Magnetometers
Aeromagnetic Survey Systems
Marine Magnetic Surveys
Magnetic Data Processing and Interpretation
(s38511)
Introduction
Corrections for Expected Variations
Data Examination
Magnetic Interpretation General Procedure
Determining the Response
Data Processing
Examples of Filtered Maps
Depth Estimation
Inversion
Controlled Source Electromagnetic Methods
(t37435)
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Overview
(s37436)
Overview
Introduction to EM and its role in the Petroleum Industry
(s37438)
Ohm’s Law and Resistivity
Role of Fluids
Resistivity, Hydrocarbon Saturation, and Archie’s Law
Passive and Active EM
Direct Current (DC) Resistivity Measurements
Seismic and EM Propagation: The Wave Equation and the Diffusion Equation
Fourier Theory
(s37445)
Fourier Transform
Two-dimensional Fourier Transform
Resolution and Bandwidth
Similarity Theorem
The Impulse Function (δ)
Impulse Response
Linear Filters and Convolution
Convolution Theorem
Derivative Theorem
Wavefield Transformation
Electromagnetic Waves
(s37456)
Maxwell’s Equations
Constitutive Relations
Electromagnetic Wave Equations
Transformation of the Wave Equations to the Frequency Domain
Plane Wave Solutions of the Electromagnetic Wave Equations, Skin Depth, Wavelength
Electromagnetic Propagation in Air and Free Space
Electromagnetic Propagation in Conducting Media: Diffusion Equation
Point Electric Dipole Source in an Unbounded Medium
Boundary Conditions
Point Electric Dipole Source onThe Surface of a half-space
Passive Electromagnetics
(s37467)
The Magnetotellurics (MT) Method
The MT Receiver
Overview of Controlled-Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) Methods
(s37470)
Conventional Marine CSEM
The Evolution of Marine CSEM
Conventional Land CSEM: LOTEM
Response to an Impulsive Source of Current on Land – The Air Wave
Response to an Impulsive Source of Current in Sea Water
The MTEM Method
Sources of Electromagnetic Noise
Interpretation of CSEM Data
Source Control in Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM)
(s37479)
The Convolutional Model in CSEM
Source Control and the Source Time Function
Pseudo-random Binary Sequence (PRBS)
Response to a Transient Input Signal
Square-wave Function
Comparison of PRBS and Square Wave Theory
Comparison of Square Wave and PRBS Marine CSEM Data
Signature Deconvolution Theory
Signature Deconvolution Applied to a Whole Line of Marine PRBS Data
Frequency Response Functions of PRBS and Square-wave Data
Deconvolution Gain
Conventional Marine CSEM Data Acquisition and Processing
(s37491)
Introduction
Positioning
Clock Drift
Acquisition Geometries
Data Pre-processing
Source Normalization
Determination of Rotation Angle
Determination of Amplitude and Phase
ExxonMobil Examples
Land MTEM Data Acquisition and Processing
(s37501)
The Impulse Response and Time to the Peak
The Impulse Response in Dimensionless Time
Frequency Domain Response
Variation of Response Time with Offset
Bandwidth of Recording
Frequency Bandwidth Comparison of MTEM with Other Methods
Signal-to-Noise Ratio of MTEM Data
Maximizing the Signal
Minimizing Noise: Attenuation of Cultural Noise by Polarity Reversals
Minimizing Noise: Attenuation of Cultural Noise by Filtering
Minimizing Noise: Attenuation of Cultural Noise by Additional Cross-track Measurements
Estimating Resistivity from Travel-time Data
Marine MTEM Data Acquisition and Processing
(s37514)
Data Acquisition Using Ocean-bottom Cable (OBC)
Harding Field Example
Data Acquisition
Positioning Repeatability Errors
Optimization of Source Signal Parameters
Frequency Domain Deconvolution
Offset Correction
Spatially-Correlated Noise Removal
Repeatability
MTEM Marine Data
Effect of the water layer on marine CSEM data
(s37525)
Electrical Conductivity of Sea Water
Double Halfspace Response
Air-Water-Earth Half-space System: Multiples (Reverberations)
Airwave Attenuation for Transient EM
The Airwave and Conventional CSEM
Modeling and Inversion to Determine Resistivity
(s37531)
The Problem
Inversion as Iterative Forward Modeling
Forward Modeling
3D EM Time-lapse Model Building – Harding Example
3D Forward Modeling and 1D Inversion - Harding Example
3D Inversion of 3D Data Including Anisotropy
Quantification of Misfit
Crosswell Seismology
(t5600)
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Introduction to Crosswell Seismology
(s5601)
History of Crosswell Seismology
When to Run a Crosswell Survey
(s5602)
Surface Seismic Imaging and Crosswell Imaging
Where Does Crosswell Seismology Work?
Typical Crosswell Seismic Data Applications
Crosswell Data Acquisition
(s5603)
Downhole Sources and Receivers
Tube Waves and Their Attenuation
Pre-Survey Planning
Crosswell Seismic Data Processing and Analysis
(s5604)
Crosswell Seismic Surveys and Surface Seismic Surveys
Crosswell Direct Arrival Traveltime Tomography
Crosswell reflection Imaging
Crosswell Seismology Recommended Practices
(s5608)
Crosswell Seismology Recommended Practices
Vertical Seismic Profiles
(t6365)
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Introduction to Vertical Seismic Profiles
(s6366)
Background
VSP Survey Fundamentals
(s6368)
The VSP Measurement Procedure
When VSP Should Be Considered
VSP Survey Recording Geometries
(s6371)
Offset Walkaway and Zero-offset Geometries
Inverse VSP
The VSP Receiver
(s6374)
Introduction
General Requirements of VSP Receivers
Multi-Level Receiver Arrays
The VSP Source
(s6378)
General Requirements of VSP Sources
Land-Based VSP Source Mechanisms
Offshore Energy Sources
Recording Systems
(s6382)
Overview
Pre-Survey Modeling
(s6384)
The Importance of Pre-Survey Modeling
VSP Acquisition Practices and Concerns
(s6386)
Acquisition Practices
Acquisition Concerns Unique to VSP
VSP Processing Fundamentals
(s6389)
Basic Principles of VSP Processing
Wavefield Separation Techniques
Deconvolution of VSP Data
Shifting VSP Times
Comparing the VSP with Surface Seismic Data
Processing Three-Component VSP Data
VSP Imaging
VSP Applications
(s6397)
Interpretation
VSP Imaging
Use of VSP Data
Role of VSP
Vsp and Well Completion
Salt Proximity Analyses
Microseismicity from Borehole Geophone Arrays
Shear-Wave Vertical Seismic Profiling
3D VSP
Summary
(s6407)
Summary
Other Geophysical Techniques
(t996)
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Borehole Velocity Measurements
(s573)
Introduction
Acoustic Logging: Basic Principles
Acoustic Logging Tools
Acoustic Logging, Surface Equipment
Acoustic Logging Procedures
Acoustic Log Presentation
Acoustic Log, Sources of Error
Acoustic Log Editing
Velocity Surveys, Basic Principles
Well Geophones and Surface Equipment
Velocity Survey Procedures
Velocity Surveys: Geophone Locations
Velocity Surveys: Quality Control
Velocity Surveys in Deviated Wells
Velocity Surveys and Refraction Effects
Velocity Surveys on Land
Time-Depth Conversion
Vibroseis as a Source
Acoustic Log Calibration
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Microseismic Studies of Reservoirs
(t37056)
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Applications for Microseismic Surveys
(s37057)
Microearthquake Introduction
Microearthquakes and Pore Pressure
Reservoir Studies using Microseismic Surveys
Mircoseismic and Hydraulic Fracturing
Other Microseismic Applications
Microseismic Events Summary
Anatomy of Microseismic Events
(s37058)
Microseismic Introduction
Wave Types
Isotropic Versus Anisotropic Media
Velocity Differences
Geometric spreading differences
Attenuation Differences
Dislocation Models for Microearthquakes
Microseismic Events in Isotropic Media
Microseismic Events in Anisotropic Media
Summary
Relating Stress and Pore Pressure to Microseismic Events
(s37180)
Stress and Pore Pressure Introduction
Basics of Stress, Strain and Pore Pressure
Principal Stresses
Making Elastic Constants More Intuitive
Poroelastic stresses and strains
Modeling Reservoir Stress
Overburden and Normal Pore Pressure
Horizontal Response To Overburden
Tectonic Stresses
Relating stress and pore pressure
Estimating the Three Principal Stresses
Summary
Failure Criteria for Microearthquakes
(s37110)
Failure Criteria Introduction
Compressive Failure
Pore Collapse
Natural faults and fractures
Hydraulically Induced Fractures
Determining the extent and nature of fracturing
Getting a First Velocity Model for Event Location
(s37117)
Velocity Model Introduction
Alignment of geophones
Velocity as a function of frequency
Building layered anisotropic models
Lateral Heterogeneity Between Wells
First Velocity Model Summary
Updating the Velocity Using Microseismic Events
(s37124)
Starting Velocity Introduction
Finding microseismic locations with a known velocity model
Advantages to updating velocity models
Fermat’s Principle
Unknown Source Location
Velocity Model Summary
Source Mechanisms of Microearthquakes
(s37217)
Elements of a Source Mechanism Introduction
Elements of a Source Mechanism
Stress Drop
Determining the Source Moment Tensor with Limited Recorders
Reservoir Controls upon Source Mechanisms
Summary
Interpreting Microseismic Patterns and Source Mechanism Evolution
(s37224)
Introduction to Interpreting Microseismic
Finding Faults and Natural Fractures
Systematic Changes in Source Mechanisms During Hydraulic Fracturing or Production
Summary
Monitoring Shale Gas Through Hydraulic Fracturing
(s37228)
Introduction
Are Shales Homogeneous?
Where is the Gas?
Recovering Gas from Shale using Hydraulic Fracturing
Microseismic Monitoring Reservoirs without Hydraulic Fracturing
(s37233)
Introduction
Source Mechanisms for Normal Production
Injection Source Mechanisms
Pore Pressure Monitoring
Saturation Changes
Summary
Estimating Reservoir Properties using Microseismic Events
(s37199)
Introduction
Production Changes in Microseismic Events
Microseismic Events Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing
Determining the Best Interval for Production
(s37200)
Introduction
Covariance Matrix for the Production Data
Surface Seismic Compliment to Microseismic Surveys
(s37201)
Introduction Detecting Reservoir Properties Before Drilling
Correlating Surface Seismic Attributes with Microseismic Data
The Future of Microseismic Developments
(s37202)
Introduction
Better Processing for Event Locations and Mechanisms
Improved Exploration and Development of Reservoirs
Microseismic Surveys Summary
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Production Performance
Fluid Flow and the Production System
(t38341)
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Production Systems
(s38342)
Production System Overview
Reservoir Inflow Performance: Fluid Flow and Permeability
Reservoir Inflow Performance: Productivity Index
Reservoir Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
Lift Performance: Flow Regimes and Pressure Gradient Correlations
Production System Performance: Adding Surface Control Using Chokes
Production System Analysis: An Integrated Approach
Inflow Performance Relationship
(s38362)
Inflow Performance Relationship Introduction
Inflow Performance Relationship: Influence of Reservoir Characteristics
IPR Determination: Vogel Method
IPR Determination: Standing's Extension of Vogel's Method
IPR Determination: Fetkovich Method
IPR and Skin Effect
IPR and Flow Efficiency: Standing Type Curves
Conducting an Inflow Performance Test
Lift Performance
(s38396)
Pipe Pressure Loss Components
Variables Affecting Pressure Loss in Pipe
Vertical Flow Correlations
Horizontal Flow Correlations
Pressure Traverse Curves
Heading in Flowing Wells
Flowing Well Performance
(s38450)
Surface Chokes: General Description
Choke Performance Relationships
Integrating Inflow, Lift and Surface Performance
Applications of Integrated Production System Analysis
Production Rate Decline Curves
(s38458)
Production Rate Decline Curves Overview
Decline Types
Decline Curve Graphical Representation
Constant Percentage Decline Curve Applications
Production Data Collections, Analysis, and Smoothing
Incorporating Changes in Operating Practice
Estimating Gas Well Reserves
Artificial Lift Methods
(t37801)
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Artificial Lift Overview
(s37802)
Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method
Gas Lift
(s37806)
Gas Lift System Overview
Gas Lift Applications
Downhole Installations
Gas Lift Valves
Gas Lift Valve Mechanics
Continuous Gas Lift
Intermittent Gas Lift
Practical Aspects of Well Unloading and Operation
Gas Lift Surface Facilities
Reciprocating Rod Pump Systems
(s37819)
Rod Pumping Overview
Surface Equipment
Subsurface Equipment
Subsurface Pump Selection
Rod String Design
API System Design Procedure
Pumping Unit Design Procedure – Rapid Analysis
Polished Rod Dynamometers
Rod Load Versus Displacement
System Monitoring: Dynagraphs
Progressive Cavity Pump Systems
(s37832)
PCP System Overview
PCP System Components
PCP System Applications
PCP System Design and Installation
PCP Operation
Hydraulic Pump Systems
(s37840)
Hydraulic Pumping: Overview
Subsurface Hydraulic Pumps
Downhole Installations
Surface Facilities
Reciprocating Pumps: System Design
Reciprocating Pumps: Operating Considerations
Jet Pumps: Design and Operation
Electrical Submersible Pump Systems
(s37850)
ESP System Overview
ESP Power Components
ESP Operating Principles
ESP System Design
ESP System Operation
Plunger Lift Systems
(s37858)
Plunger Lift Overview
Plunger Lift Design and Installation
Production Equipment and Operations
Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines
(t110)
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Casing and Tubing Head Equipment
(s1370)
Introduction
Casing Heads
Casing Spools
Casing Hangers
Packoffs and Isolation Seals
Bowl Protectors
Test Plugs
Mudline Suspension Systems
Tubing Heads
Tubing Hangers and Tubing Head Adapters
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Flow Control at the Wellhead
(s3575)
Gate Valves
Production Chokes
Christmas Tree Assemblies
Low-Pressure Installations (Examples)
High-Pressure Installations (Examples)
Flanges and Clamps
Independent Wellheads
Unitized Wellheads
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Flowlines
(s3576)
Basic Design Parameters
Line Pipe Fabrication and Specifications
Pressure Loss Calculations
Sizing of Lines
Effect of Design on Well Performance
Installation and Testing
Pipe Insulation
Temperature Differentials
Corrosion Control (External)
Corrosion Control (Internal)
Cleaning and Inspection
Valves, Fittings and Flanges
(s3577)
Gate Valves
Plug Valves and Ball Valves
Globe Valves
Butterfly Valves
Diaphragm Valves
Check Valves
Pipe Fittings
Production Manifolds
(s1376)
Basic Components
Fabrication
Fluid Separation and Treatment
(t111)
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Production Facility Overview
(s1378)
Fluid Treatment Objectives
Production and Separation of Well Fluids
Treatment and Handling of Separated Fluids
Additional Facility Functions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Separation of Produced Fluids
(s1379)
Two-Phase(Liquid-Gas) Separation
Three-Phase (Gas, Oil and Water) Separation
Two-Phase Horizontal Separators
Two-Phase Vertical Separators
Spherical Separators
Double-Barreled and Filter-Type Separators
Comparison of Two-Phase Separator Types
Three-Phase Horizontal Separators
Three-Phase Vertical Separators
Internal Components
Pressure and Level Controllers
Pressure Relief Valves and Rupture Discs
Operating Problems
Sizing Two-Phase Separators
Sizing Three-Phase Separators
Stage Separation
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Treatment of Separation Oil
(s1380)
Emulsions and Their Treatment
Vertical Treaters
Horizontal Treaters
Electrostatic Treaters
Chemical Treatment
Other Treating Equipment
Sizing of Treating Equipment
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Oilfield Safety
(t113)
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Emergency Preparedness
(s1389)
Hazard Awareness
Safety Meetings
Emergency Plan Development
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Incident Reporting and Investigation
(s1390)
Accidents and Incidents
Reporting Procedures
Investigation Procedures
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Safety Hazards in Oil and Gas Production
(s1392)
Overview
Water-Related Hazards
Unconfined Vapor Releases
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
Compressor Station Hazards
Pyrophoric Iron Sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide (Sour Gas)
Chemical Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No.6
Safe Work Practices
(s1393)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Site Housekeeping
Lifting and Handling of Materials by Hand
Rigging Safety and Work at Heights
Confined/Enclosed Space Entry
Shutdown and Startup Procedures
Welding and the Use of Power Tools
Well Workovers
Driving Safety Guidelines
First Aid: General Considerations
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Safety and Control of Site Activities
(s1394)
Work Permit Systems
Safety Inspection Procedures
Site Security
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Fire Prevention and Control
(s1397)
Fire Chemistry
Detection of Flammable and Toxic Atmospheres
Properties of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Control of Ignition Sources
Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Firefighting Agents
Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
Firefighter Training
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Cased Hole Logging
(t114)
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Cased Hole Logging Overview
(s1401)
Typical Setup
Logging Environment
Regions of Investigation for Cased Hole Tools
Formation Evaluation in Cased Holes
(s1402)
Pulsed Neutron Capture Measurement
Cased Hole Resistivity Tool
Pulsed Neutron Capture Log Presentations
Pulsed Neutron Capture Log Applications
Carbon-Oxygen (C/O) Measurement
Compensated Neutron Measurement
Natural Gamma Ray Measurement
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Cement Bond Evaluation
(s1403)
Cement Bond Log (CBL)
Microannulus Effects, Tool Centralization and Quality Control
Cement Bond Index
Wellbore-Compensated CBL
Pad-Type CBL
Pulse-Echo CBL and Circumferential Imaging Tools
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Casing Inspection
(s3578)
Overview
Mechanical Calipers
Electromagnetic Tools
Casing Potential Surveys
Acoustic Casing Inspection
Exercise 1
Qualitative Flow Evaluation
(s1404)
Temperature Surveys
Borehole Noise Surveys
Radioactive Tracer Surveys
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Flow Rate Determination in the Wellbore
(s1405)
Fluid Behavior
Injection Well Profiling Using Radioactive Tracers
Flowmeters (Turbine Type)
Multiphase Vertical Flow
Multiphase Flow in Deviated Wells
Oxygen Activation Measurement
Production Logging of Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Wells
(s5609)
Introduction
Configurations and Flow Regimes
Logging Equipment and Techniques Used in Horizontal Wells
Conventional Production Logging Tools
Production Logging Tools Designed for Horizontal Wells
Case Studies
References
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Intelligent Completions
(t36209)
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Introduction to Intelligent Completions
(s36210)
Overview
Historical Perspective
Fundamentals of Pressure Sensors
(s36213)
Basic Pressure Sensing Technology
Exploiting Crystal Properties of Quartz
Quartz Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensing and Telemetry Systems
(s36217)
Introduction to Downhole Fiber Optics
Fundamentals of Light Propagation
Fiber Optic Transmission Modes
Architecture of Optical Sensor Systems
Fiber Optic Gratings
Bragg Grating Sensors
Distributed Temperature Sensing Systems
DTS Applications
Downhole Flow Control
(s36226)
Real-time Flow Control
Assessing Reliability
(s36228)
Reliability and Environmental Modeling
Failure Analysis and Testing Standards
Overview of Rigless Well Intervention
(t38106)
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Introduction to Rigless Well Intervention
(s38107)
Well Intervention Described
Economics of Rigless Well Intervention
HSE and Well Intervention
Operating Considerations in Rigless Well Intervention
(s38112)
Tasks, Roles, and Responsibilities
Selection of Well Candidates
General Preparation for Rigless Well Intervention
Slickline Well Intervention
(t38011)
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Overview of Slickline Well Intervention
(s38012)
Slickline Described
HSE and Slickline Operations
Basic Slickline Equipment
(s38016)
Equipment Overview
Wireline
Slickline Units
Data Acquisition Systems
Pressure Control Equipment
Hoisting System
Basic Slickline Tool String
Running and Pulling Tools
Slickline Service Tools
(s38026)
Introduction
Tubing Conditioning and Servicing Tools
Fishing Tools
Bailers
Specialty Tools
Subsurface Flow Controls
(s38033)
Slickline Operations and Subsurface Flow Controls
Lock Mandrels
Plugs
Subsurface Safety Valves
Subsurface Chokes
Gas Lift Equipment
Tubing Packoffs
Sliding Sleeves
Advanced Slickline Applications
(s38043)
Introduction
Depth Control for Advanced Slickline Applications
Tool Activation
Memory Production Logging
Real-Time Slickline
Slickline Operations
(s38050)
Job Preparation and Rig-Up
Tubing Conditioning, Testing and Repair
Sand Bailing, Paraffin and Scale Removal
Pressure Surveys, Memory Production Logging and Perforating
Subsurface Safety Valves
Plugs and Flow Controls
Wireline Fishing
Post-Job Activities and Rig-Down
Electric Line Well Intervention
(t38206)
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Overview of Electric Line Well Intervention
(s38207)
Electric Line Described
HSE and Electric Line Operations
Basic Electric Line Equipment
(s38211)
Equipment Overview
Electric Wireline
Wireline Units for Electric Line Operations
Pressure Control Equipment
Electric Line Downhole Tools
(s38217)
Introduction
Electric Line-Tool String Connection
Depth Control in Electric Line Operations
Tool String Conveyance
Production Logging Tools
Through-Tubing Formation Evaluation
Cement Bond Evaluation
Perforating
Tubing and Casing Inspection Tools
Electric Line Operations
(s38226)
Job Preparation and Rig-Up
Electric Line Logging Operations
Electric Line Well Servicing Operations
Risks and Mitigations in Electric Line Operations
Post-Job Considerations
Coiled Tubing Well Intervention
(t38235)
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Overview of Coiled Tubing Well Intervention
(s38236)
Introduction
HSE and Coiled Tubing Well Intervention
Basic Coiled Tubing Equipment
(s38240)
Equipment Overview
Coiled Tubing and Reel System
Coiled Tubing Injector Assembly
Coiled Tubing Pressure Control Equipment
Coiled Tubing Downhole Tools
(s38246)
Introduction
Basic Coiled Tubing Bottomhole Assembly
Wellbore Cleanout Tools
Fishing and Pipe Recovery
Specialty and Support Tools
Coiled Tubing Operations
(s38253)
Job Preparation and Rig-Up
Well Cleanout and Unloading Operations
Coiled Tubing Fishing and Milling
Pumping Operations
Coiled Tubing-Wireline
Coiled Tubing and Artificial Lift
Coiled Tubing Drilling
Drilling Engineering
Well Planning
(t115)
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Well Planning Overview
(s1407)
Well Objectives and Success Factors
Major Components
Tasks and Responsibilities
Well Selection
(s1408)
Budget Objectives
Prospect Selection
Reservoir Potential Evaluation
Prospect Acquisition and Location Selection
AFE Preparation
(s1409)
Introduction
Geological Input
Completion and Testing Requirements
Drilling Considerations
Cost Estimates and AFE Approval
Well Plan Organization and Data Gathering
(s1410)
General Outline
Information Sources
Initial Planning Meeting
Environmental and Regulatory Requirements
Location, Support and Logistics
Pressure Prediction and Well Planning
Drilling Problems
Well Design Considerations
(s1411)
Casing Settings Depths and Sizes
Casing and Tubing Design
Wellhead Design
Mud Program
Cementing Program
Bit Program
Hydraulics Program
Directional Planning and Deviation Control
Logging, Coring and Testing
Rig Design Considerations
(s1412)
Well Control and Blowout Prevention
Rig Specifications
Procedures
(s1413)
Drilling and Completion
Support and Logistics
Emergencies
Drilling Contracts
(s1414)
Contract Procurement
Bidding Considerations
Cost Reviews
(s1415)
Drilling and Completion Costs
AFE and Well Plan Review
Drill String Components
(t116)
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Drill String Overview
(s1425)
Design Considerations
Principal Components
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Kelly
(s1426)
General Description
Performance Considerations
Exercise No.1
Drill Pipe
(s1427)
Dimensions and Strengths
Upsets
Tool Joints
Capacity and Displacement
Handling Guidelines
Fatigue and Drill String Failures
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Exercise No.5
Drill Collars
(s1428)
General Description
Tapered Strings
Special Features
Connections
Exercise No.1
Heavy Wall Drill Pipe
(s3821)
General Description
Bottomhole Assembly Tools
(s3822)
Stabilizers
Drilling Jars
Reamers
Hole Openers
Float Subs
Circulating Subs
Crossover Subs
Vibration Dampeners
Drill Strings for High-Angle Drilling
Drill Bits
(t983)
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Introduction to Drill Bits
(s1429)
Bit Types and IADC Classifications
Rock Failure Mechanisms
Roller Cone Bit Design
(s1430)
Geometry
Cutting Elements
Bearings
Exercise No.1
Fixed Cutter Bit Design
(s1431)
General Considerations
Body Materials
Diamond Cutting Elements
Bit Profiles and Hydraulic Systems
Design Features Summary
Bit Hydraulics
(s1432)
Basic Concepts
Fixed Cutter Bits: Special Considerations
Hydraulics Optimization Criteria
Exercise No.1
Bit Selection Criteria
(s1433)
Formation Properties
Bit Specifications and Rig Capabilities
Bit Grading and Evaluation
(s1434)
IADC Grading System
Traditional Grading Criteria: Rolling Cutter Bits
Factors Affecting Bit Wear
Bit Run Economics
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Bit Operating Guidelines
(s1435)
General Considerations
Roller Cone Bits
Fixed Cutter Bits
Bit Run Optimization
(s36874)
Bit Balling
Roller Cone Bit Life: Bearing , Tooth Failure Critieria
Thermal and Mechanical Effects on PDC Bit Wear Rates
PDC Bit Optimization in Downhole Motor Drilling
Drilling Fluids and the Circulating System
(t117)
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Drilling Fluids Overview
(s1419)
Principal Functions of Drilling Fluids
Drilling Fluid Classifications
Drilling Fluid Composition
Drilling Fluid Properties
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Drilling Rig Circulating System
(s3817)
General Description
Auxiliary Systems
Mud Pumps
Exercise No.1
Drilling Fluid Components and Additives
(s1420)
Drilling Fluid Components
Weighting Materials
Viscosifiers
Filtration Control Materials
Rheology Control Materials
Alkalinity and pH Control Materials
Lost Circulation Materials
Surface Active Agents
Lubricating Materials
Flocculating Materials
Shale-Stabilizing Materials
Inhibitors
Polymers
Inorganic Acids, Bases and Salts
High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HPHT) Components and Additives
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Drilling Fluid Systems
(s1421)
Classification of Water-Base Drilling Fluid Systems
Nondispersed-Noninhibited Water-Base Systems
Nondispersed-Inhibited Water-Based Systems
Dispersed-Noninhibited Water-Base System
Dispersed-Inhibited Water-Base Systems
Oil-Base (Invert-Emulsion) Systems
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Solids Control
(s1424)
Solids Control in Drilling Operations
Solids Control Methods
Principles of Solids Removal
Exercise No.1
Clay Chemistry
(s1423)
Introduction
Fundamental Structure
Clay Mineral Groups
Clays in Drilling Fluids
Summary of Physiochemical Reactions
Exercise No.1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Environmental Aspects of Drilling Mud Engineering
(s36785)
Environmental Issues in Drilling Operations
Surface Disposal Methods
Subsurface Disposal Methods
Field Tests of Drilling Fluids
(s1422)
Density (Mud Weight)
Funnel Viscosity
Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point and Gel Strength
API Standard Filtration Test
API HP/HT Filtration Test
Sand Content
Oil, Water and Solids Content
Methylene Blue Capacity
pH
Mud and Filtrate Alkalinity
Excess Lime Content
Chloride Content
Total Hardness
Resistivity
Oil-Base Drilling Fluid Tests
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Mud Engineering Calculations
(s36784)
Units of Measurement
Capacity, Volume and Displacement
Pump Output
Hydrostatic Pressure
Mud Formulation
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
(t118)
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Directional Drilling Overview
(s1443)
History
Applications
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Deviation in Vertical Wells
(s1444)
Causes
Control Methods
Exercise No.1
Directional Drilling Tools and Techniques
(s1445)
Introduction
Well Trajectory Planning
Downhole Mud Motors
Rotary Steerable Systems
Specialized Bottomhole Assemblies
Deflection Tools
Survey Tools
Wireline Steering Systems
MWD and LWD Systems
EMWD Systems
Well Trajectory Calculations
Geologic Steering
Azimuth Change
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Exercise No.5
Exercise No.6
Horizontal Wells
(s1446)
Introduction
Well Configurations
Long Turn Radius Drilling
Medium Turn Radius Drilling
Short Turn Radius Drilling
Ultra-Short Turn Radius Drilling
Trajectory Planning
Build Curve Design
Horizontal Targeting
Formation Evaluation Aspects
Completion and Stimulation Aspects
Artificial Lift Considerations
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Drilling Hydraulics in Deviated Wells
(s1447)
Introduction
Borehole Stability
Fluid Velocity and Flow Regimes
Cuttings Transport
Drill String and Bit Considerations in Deviated Wells
(s3819)
Drill String Design
Bit Selection
Exercise No. 1
Underbalanced Drilling in Directional Wells
(s36863)
Drilling Directional Wells Underbalanced
Underbalanced Drilling
(t23393)
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Introduction to Underbalanced Drilling
(s23394)
Underbalanced Drilling Overview
Underbalanced Drilling Techniques
Benefits and Limitations of Underbalanced Drilling
Dry Air Drilling
(s23398)
Dry Air Drilling Overview
Air Drilling Equipment
Dry Air Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Downhole Fires
Reverse Circulation Drilling
Nitrogen Drilling
(s23404)
Nitrogen Drilling Overview
Liquid (Cryogenic) Nitrogen Supply
On-Site Generated Nitrogen (Membrane Filter)
Nitrogen Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Natural Gas Drilling
(s23409)
Natural Gas Drilling Overview
Mist Drilling
(s23411)
Mist Drilling Overview
Foam Drilling
(s23413)
Foam Drilling Overview
Hole Cleaning Considerations
Foam Drilling Equipment
Composition of Injected Liquid
Foam Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Limitations of Foam Drilling
Stiff Foam Drilling
(s23420)
Stiff Foam Drilling Overview
Hole Cleaning Considerations
Stiff Foam Drilling Equipment
Viscosifiers
Stiff Foam Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Limitations of Stiff Foam Drilling
Gasified Liquids
(s23427)
Gasified Liquid Drilling Overview
Gasification Techniques
Gas Supply and Compression Equipment
Circulating Pressures
Hole Cleaning Considerations
Drill String
Gasified Liquid Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Limitations of Gasified Liquid Drilling
Flow-Drilling
(s23436)
Flow Drilling Overview
Flow Drilling Surface Equipment
Rotating Control Head
Flow Drilling Procedures and Operating Considerations
Limitations of Flow Drilling
Snub Drilling
(s23441)
Snub Drilling Overview
Snubbing Units
Underbalanced Drilling: General Issues
(s23443)
Coiled Tubing for Underbalanced Drilling
Underbalanced Directional Drilling
Well Logging of Underbalanced Holes
Safety in Underbalanced Drilling
Underbalanced Well Classification System
Selection of Candidates for UBD
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
(t119)
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Drilling Objectives
(s1437)
Overview
Pressure, Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning
(s1438)
Introduction
Wellbore and Formation Pressure
Buoyancy
Rheological Models
Flow Regimes
System Pressure Loss
Surge and Swab Effects
Hole Cleaning
Contamination of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Exercise No.3
Exercise No.4
Exercise No.5
Exercise No.6
Abnormal Pressure Environments
(s1439)
Occurrences
Origins
Prediction and Detection
Kick Detection and Control
(s1440)
Introduction
Precautionary Measures
Surface Indications
Initial Shut-in Procedures
Constant Bottomhole Pressure Concept
Control Methods
Exercise No.1
Lost Circulation
(s1441)
Occurrences and Prevention
Diagnosis
Remedial Measures
Exercise No.1
Borehole Instability
(s1442)
Shale Instability
Salt Sections
Hard or Abrasive Formations
Stuck Pipe
(s3827)
Differential Pressure Sticking
Key Seating
Solids Accumulation and Mechanical Sticking
Exercise No.1
Fishing Operations
(s3828)
General Categories
Planning and Preparation
Pipe Recovery
Wireline Tool Recovery and Junk Removal
Auxiliary Tools
Economics
Exercise No.1
Hydrogen Sulfide
(s3829)
Physical Properties
Toxic Effects
Corrosive Effects
Detection
Personal Protective Equipment
Mud System Considerations
Tubulars and B.O.P.E. Design Considerations
Drilling Optimization
(s3830)
Minimum Cost Drilling
Factors Affecting Penetration Rate
Penetration Rate Equations and Drilling Tests
Constraints on Bit Weight and Rotary Speed
Bit Life Estimation
Practical Guidelines
Exercise No.1
Exercise No.2
Production Facilities Design
Oil Systems and Equipment
(t6433)
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Two Phase Separators
(s12375)
Introduction
Equipment Description
Selection Criteria
Vessel Internals
Potential Operating Problems
Separator Design Theory
Horizontal Separator Design
Horizontal Separator Design Example (SI Units)
Horizontal Separator Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Vertical Separator Design
Vertical Separator Design Example (SI Units)
Vertical Separator Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Nomenclature
References
Three Phase Separators
(s12390)
Introduction
Equipment Description
Design Theory
Design of Horizontal Separators
Horizontal Separator Design Example (Oilfield)
Horizontal Separator Design Example (SI Units)
Design of Vertical Separators
Vertical Separator Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Vertical Separator Design Example (SI Units)
Nomenclature
References
Oil Treaters
(s12402)
Introduction
Equipment Description
Treater Theory
Treater Design Procedure
Vertical Treater Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Vertical Treater Design Example (SI Units)
Nomenclature
References
Desalting
(s12411)
Introduction
Theory
Single and Two Stage Desalting
Equipment Description
Design Procedure
Single-Stage Desalter Design Example (SI Units)
Two-Stage Desalter Design Example (SI Units)
Multistage Desalter Design Example (SI Units)
Single-Stage Desalter Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Two-Stage Desalter Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Multistage Desalter Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Nomenclature
References
Crude Stabilization
(s12425)
Introduction
Theory of Crude Stabilization
Equipment Description
Design Procedure
Multi-Stage Separation Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Crude Stabilization Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Multi-Stage Separation Design Example (SI Units)
Crude Stabilization Design Example (SI Units)
Nomenclature
References
Gas Systems and Equipment
(t6434)
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Acid Gas Removal
(s17090)
Introduction
General Process Description
Solid Bed Processes
Process Selection
Iron Sponge Design Procedure
Design Examples (Oilfield Units)
Design Examples (SI Units)
Nomenclature
Glycol Dehydration
(s17099)
Introduction
Theory
Hydrate Formation
Dew Point Depression
General Process Description
Glycol Properties
Equipment Description
Design Procedure
Unit Operating Problems and Troubleshooting
Nomenclature
Design Example
Physical Properties of Glycol
Reciprocating Compressors
(s17112)
Introduction
General Considerations
Performance Considerations
Pulsations and Vibrations
Process Piping Considerations
Fundamental Design
Construction Details
Specifications
Selecting Compressors
Nomenclature
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Design Example (SI Units)
Water Systems and Equipment
(t6435)
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Treating Oil from Produced Water
(s17075)
Introduction
Theory
Equipment Description
Design Procedure
Nomenclature
Removing Solids and Dissolved Gases from Produced Water
(s17081)
Introduction
Theory of Solid Removal
Description of Solid Removal Equipment
Description of Gas Removal Equipment
Design Procedure
Nomenclature
Design Examples: Gas Removal
Design Example: Solid Removal Process
Utility Systems and Equipment
(t6436)
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Fuel Gas Systems
(s17125)
Introduction
Types of Fuel
Fuel Requirements
Fuel Contaminants
Heating Value
Fuel Gas Equipment Selection
Diesel Fuel Equipment Selection
Nomenclature
Fired Heaters and Hydrate Control
(s17134)
Introduction
Equipment Description
Heater Heat Transfer Basics
Hydrate Formation
Hydrate Inhibition
Design Procedure
Nomenclature
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Design Example (SI Units)
Heat Transfer Systems
(s17144)
Introduction
System Description
Theory
Design Procedure
Design Example (SI Units)
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Nomenclature
Waste Heat Recovery
(s17152)
Introduction
Waste Heat Recovery Systems
Sources of Waste Heat
Methods of Exhaust Heat Recovery
Equipment
Theory
Design Procedure for an Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery System
Nomenclature
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(s17162)
Introduction
System Description
Theory
Equipment Descriptions
Design Parameters
Design Procedure
Nomenclature
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Design Example (SI Units)
Reciprocating Pumps
(s17172)
Introduction
General Considerations
Performance Considerations
Pulsations
Process Piping Considerations
Pump Construction Details
Material Considerations
Standards
Selecting A Reciprocating Pump
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Design Example (SI Units)
Nomenclature
References
Centrifugal Pumps
(s17186)
Introduction
General Considerations
Performance Considerations
Process Piping Considerations
Pump Construction Details
Instrumentation
(t6437)
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Controllers and Control Theory
(s17192)
Introduction
Control Philosophy
Control Theory
Controller Principles and Selection
Loop Configurations
Controller and Loop Tuning
Nomenclature
Pressure Measurement and Control
(s17200)
Introduction
Principles of Operation
Device Selection
Temperature Measurement and Control
(s17204)
Introduction
Principles of Operation
Device Selection
Sensor Testing and Calibration
Flow Measurement and Control
(s17209)
Introduction
Principles of Operation
Device Selection
Meter Sizing
Exercise No 1
Exercise No 2
Level Measurement and Control
(s17216)
Introduction
Principles of Operation
Device Selection
Device Mounting
Control Valves
(s17221)
Introduction
Principles of Operation
Valve Selection
Valve Body
Actuators
Installation
Control Valve Sizing
Safety Shutdown Systems
(s17229)
Introduction
System Selection
Pneumatic Systems
Electrical Systems
Electronic Systems
Safety Analysis Concepts
Wellhead Shutdown Systems
(s17236)
Introduction
Shutdown Criteria
Design Criteria
Instrument and Logic Components Selection
Platform and Structural Design Considerations
(t6438)
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Offshore Facility Layout
(s17241)
Introduction
Items to Consider in Developing a Layout
Layout Procedures
Living Quarters Layout
(s17245)
Introduction
Design Considerations
Layout Selection
List of Applicable Codes
NFPA 80 (National Fire Protection Association)
Guidelines for Quarters Areas
Example Layouts
Facilities Piping
(s17253)
Introduction
Basic Flow Equations and Factors
Pressure Drop in Piping
Choosing A Line Diameter
Determining Wall Thickness
Pressure Ratings
Determining Pressure Breaks
Facility Piping Details
Design Example (Oilfield Units)
Design Example (SI Units)
Well Completion and Stimulation
Basic Completion Design and Practices
(t38755)
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General Criteria for Completion Design
(s38756)
Introduction to Completions
Completion Team Roles and Responsibilities
Design Process, Standards and Regulations
HSSE and Risk Management
Statement of Requirements and Basis of Design
Life of Well Functional and Servicing Requirements
Drilling Considerations
Completion Operations Planning
Cost Estimates, AFE and Other Approvals
Basic Downhole Configurations
(s38768)
Open-Hole Completions
Uncemented Liner Completions and Open-Hole Gravel Packs
Perforated Completions
Multi-Stage Fracture-Stimulated Horizontal Wells
Single and Multizone Selective Completions
Observation Well Completions
Lift Methods and Completion Design
(s38787)
Flowing Wells, Continuous Gas Lift and Hydraulic Jet Pumping
Reciprocating Rod Pumping, Progressive Cavity Pumping and Hydraulic Piston Pumping
Electrical Submersible Pumping and Hydraulic Submersible Pumping
Intermittent Lift Systems
Specialized Completion Designs
(s38794)
High-Pressure, High-Temperature (HPHT) Completions
Completions for Complex Well Trajectories
Offshore Completions
Completions for Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOP)
Completions for Thermal Recovery Processes
Completions for Unconventional Gas Wells
Completion Productivity and Injectivity
(s38808)
The Well Completion as Part of the Production System
Inflow Performance Relationships (IPR)
Vertical Lift Performance
Integrated System Analysis
Production Constraints and Optimization
Completion Planning
(s38823)
Completion Planning and Project Management
Contracts, Procurement and Logistics
Incorporating Well Evaluation Results
Programming and Supervision
Workover Planning and Operations
Cementing
(t37656)
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Introduction to Cementing
(s37657)
Overview
Cementing Regulations
Quantities and Units of Measurement
Volume Calculations
Fluid Density
Subsurface Pressure Gradient Profiles
Chemistry and Classification of Oilwell Cements
(s37660)
Introduction
Cement Manufacture and Chemistry
API Cement Types
Basic Cement Slurry Formation
Additives
(s37665)
Introduction
Accelerators
Retarders
Extenders (Density-Reducing Additives)
Weighting Materials (Density-Increasing Additives)
Dispersants
Fluid Loss Control Additives
Lost Circulation Prevention Additives
Strengthening Agents
Antifoam Agents
Special Cement Systems
Cement Testing Procedures
(s37683)
Introduction
API and ISO Test Standards
Slurry Sample Mixing Procedures
Testing Procedures
Cement Slurry Flow Properties and Mud Displacement
(s37688)
Introduction
Application of Rheological Models
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Viscosity, Shear Stress, and Shear Rate
Fluid Models
Effect of Pump Rate and Equivalent Circulating Density on Displacement
Mud Conditioning
Washes, Preflushes, and Spacers
Cementing Equipment
(s37695)
Introduction
Transport and Delivery of Basic Elements: Cement, Additives, Water
Surface Mixing and Pumping Equipment
Subsurface Equipment: Casing Hardware
Primary Cementing
(s37700)
Introduction
Casing Program Overview
Example Casing Program: Marcellus Shale Well
Well Data Requirements for Cement Job Design
Slurry Design Considerations
U-Tube Effect
Elements of a Successful Cement Job
Single-Stage Cementing Process
Multiple-Stage Cementing
Liner Cementing
Cementing Subsea Wells
Cementing Horizontal Intervals
Special Primary Cementing Methods
General Operational Considerations
Squeeze Cementing
(s37715)
Introduction
Squeeze Cementing Definitions and Tools
Squeeze Cementing Design
Squeeze Cementing Procedure
Squeeze Cementing Job Evaluation
Squeeze Cementing Job Failures
Plug Cementing
(s37722)
Introduction
General Cement Plug Job Design Considerations
Balanced Plug Method
Dump Bailer Method
Two-plug Method
Plug Cement Slurry Design
Testing Cement Plugs
Reasons for Failure of Cement Plugs
Cement Evaluation
(s37731)
Introduction
Pressure or Inflow Tests
Acoustic Cement Bond Logs
Temperature Surveys
Radioactive Tracer Surveys
Completion Equipment
(t39209)
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Completion Tubulars Overview
(s39210)
Standards for Completion Tubulars
Tubing Couplings
Corrosion and Material Considerations in Tubular Selection
Completion Tubulars Design
(s39217)
Performance Properties and Load Conditions
Working Stress Design for Completion Tubulars
Working Stress Design Example: Tight Gas Well
Production Casing
Tubing Movement
Triaxial Stress Analysis
Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) Applied to Tubing Design
Packers
(s39235)
Overview of Packers
Retrievable and Permanent Packers
Open Hole Packers
API and ISO Standards for Packers and Bridge Plugs
Seals and Elastomers
(s39247)
Introduction to Seal Materials
Packers and Seal Assemblies
Other Field Applications of Seals and Elastomers
Completion Equipment for Positive Displacement Pumping Systems
(s39253)
Positive Displacement Pumping Systems
Reciprocating Rod Pumps
Progressive Cavity Pumps
Hydraulic Piston Pumps
Sucker Rods
Tubing Anchors
Pump Seating Nipples
Gas Anchors
Ancillary Equipment
Downhole Completion Accessories for Flowing and Gas Lift Wells
(s39370)
Introduction to Flowing and Gas Lift Wells
Seating Nipples and Polished Bore Receptacles
Sliding Sleeves
Mandrels
Blast Joints and Flow Couplings
Inflow Control Devices
Control, Chemical Injection and Data Lines
Downhole Completion Accessories for Unconventional Wells
(s39380)
Introduction to Unconventional Oil and Gas Developments
Completion Equipment for Multi-Fracture Stimulated Horizontal Wells
Completion Equipment for Thermal Heavy Oil Wells
Upper Completion
(s39397)
Overview of the Upper Completion
Regulations, Standards and Recommended Practices
Wellheads and Tubing Hangers
Christmas Trees
Variable Chokes and Beans
Subsurface Safety Valves
Surface Wellhead Configuration for Pumping Wells
Perforating
(t122)
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Introduction to Perforating
(s1472)
History and Background
Basic Perforating Methods
Fundamentals of Shaped Charge Operation
Explosives Used in Perforating
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Perforating Gun Types
(s1473)
Retrievable vs. Expendable Guns
Casing Guns
Through-Tubing Guns
Casing Deformation Considerations
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Perforating and Production Performance
(s1474)
API Testing Procedures
Perforation Productivity Considerations
Relative Importance of Perforating Parameters
Perforation Cleanup Considerations
Perforating for Gravel Packing
Perforating for Fracturing
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Electric Wireline Perforating
(s1475)
Equipment
Pressure Control System
Perforating Procedures and Depth Control
Positioned or Oriented Perforating
Job Planning
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Tubing-Conveyed Perforating
(s1476)
Applications
Perforating Equipment
Perforating Procedures
Measurement While Perforating
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Acidizing and Other Chemical Treatments
(t123)
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Introduction to Acidizing
(s1478)
Background and Definitions
Types of Acid Treatments
Acid Treating Solutions
(s1479)
Mineral Acids
Organic Acids
Specialty Acids
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Additives in Acidizing Fluids
(s1481)
Corrosion Inhibitors
Surfactants
Iron Sequestering Agents
Fluid Loss Control Agents
Friction Reducers
Clay Stabilizers
Bacteria Control Agents
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Matrix Acidizing
(s1482)
Introduction
Surface Equipment
Sandstone Matrix Treatments
Carbonate Matrix Treatments
Exercise No. 1
Fracture Acidizing
(s1480)
General Considerations
Fracture Geometry
Formation Characteristics
Treatment Materials and Procedures
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Diverting Materials in Acidizing
(s1483)
Introduction
Solid Diverters
Gel Diverters
Ball Sealers
Selection of Diverters
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Wellbore Cleanout and Scale Removal
(s1484)
Wellbore Cleanout: General Description
Materials Used in Wellbore Cleanout
Wellbore Cleanout Procedure
Scale Problems
Scale Removal
Scale Prevention
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Paraffins and Asphaltenes
(s1485)
Basic Properties
Factors Affecting Deposition
Removal and Control Techniques
Exercise No. 1
Hydraulic Fracturing
(t38524)
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Hydraulic Fracturing Fundamentals
(s38525)
Hydraulic Fracturing Overview
Fundamental Concepts of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracture Initiation and Growth
Rock Mechanical Properties and Fracturing
State of the Rock Matrix
Fracture Initiation, Propagation and Closure Pressures
Qualitative Description of Fracture Growth
Quantitative Description of Fracture Growth
Fracture Treatment Data Collection and Diagnostics
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
(s38572)
Fluid Functions and Properties
Fracturing Fluid Rheology
Fluid Loss Control
Types of Fracturing Fluids
Fracturing Fluid Additives
Environmental Aspects of Fracturing Fluids
Proppants
(s38581)
Proppant Functions
Properties Affecting Proppant Performance
Proppant Embedment and In Situ Conductivity
Types of Proppants
Fracturing Equipment and Operations
(s38596)
Basic Surface Equipment Layout
Material Storage
Surface Equipment for Hydraulic Fracturing
Downhole Equipment for Hydraulic Fracturing
Flowback Equipment
Fracturing Equipment for Specialized Applications
Hydraulic Fracturing Stages
Multi-stage, Horizontal Well Treatments
Hydraulic Fracturing Equipment Applications: Case Histories
Fracture Treatment Design
(s38643)
Well Completion Considerations
Pumping Schedules, Treating Pressures and Material Selection
General Operating Considerations
Fracture Calibration Treatment
Main Treatment Design
Special Types of Fracturing Treatments
Fracture Design Optimization and Integrated Workflows
Commercial Fracture Design and Evaluation Models
Case History: Conventional Vertical Well, Cooper Basin, Australia
Case History: Horizontal Well, Marcellus Shale, USA
Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment Evaluation
(s38664)
Microseismic Fracture Mapping
Well Performance Evaluation
Sand Control
(t125)
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Sand Production in Oil and Gas Wells
(s1495)
Sand-Related Production Problems
Causes of Sand Production
Classification of Sands and their Failure Mechanisms
Rock Mechanics Considerations
Sand Failure Prediction
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Completion and Production Practices
(s1496)
Completion Efficiency
Rate Control and Arching Effects
Selective Perforation
Liners and Screens
(s1497)
Plain Slotted Liners
Wire-Wrapped Screens
Applications and Limitations of Plain Screens
Prepacked Screens
Exercise No. 1
Gravel Packing
(s1498)
Overview
Cased Hole (Internal) Gravel Packs
Open Hole (External) Gravel Packs
Well Productivity
Gravel Selection, Sizing and Quality
Liner/Screen Selection
Downhole Tools
Surface Equipment
Perforation Design and Cleanup Procedures
Gravel Placement Techniques (Cased Hole)
Gravel Placement Techniques (Open Hole)
Example: Cased Hole Gravel Pack Design
Slurry Requirements
Outline Procedures for Gravel Packs
Fluids Used in Gravel Pack Operations
Formation Damage and Fluid Filtration
Multiple Zone Completions
Deviated and Horizontal Wells
Quality Control
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Frac-and-Pack Techniques
(s1942)
Overview
Consolidation Techniques
(s1940)
Chemical Consolidation
Consolidated Gravel Packs
Sand Control in Wells Producing Heavy Oil
(s1941)
Introduction
Gravel Packing
Other Control Methods
Horizontal Wells: Completion and Evaluation
(t126)
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Horizontal Wells in a Reservoir Management Strategy
(s1500)
Introduction
Reservoir Candidate Recognition
Horizontal Well Deliverability
Anisotropic Formations
Horizontal Wells vs. Fractured Vertical Wells
Multilateral Wells
Formation Evaluation for Optimal Well Completions
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Horizontal Well Completions
(s1501)
Well Curvature
Completion Types
Zonal Isolation Techniques
Casing Design
Cementing
Sand Control
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Matrix Stimulation of Horizontal Wells
(s1502)
Introduction
Damage Characterization
Fluid Placement Techniques
Partial Stimulation
Stimulation of Sandstone Reservoirs
Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs
Optimization of Matrix Treatments
Acidizing Physics
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Hydraulic Fracturing of Horizontal Wells
(s1503)
Introduction
General Considerations
Performance of Fractured Horizontal Wells
Fracturing Pressures
Fracture Design
Fracture Execution and Perforating Considerations
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Multilateral, Multibranched and Multilevel Wells
(s5443)
Introduction
Reservoirs and Well Architecture
A Production Prediction Model
Reservoir Performance, Selected Configurations
Partially Completed Wells
Completions for Complex Well Architecture
References
Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
(t986)
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Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
(s778)
Engineering Objectives
Data Sources
Reservoir Description and Modeling
Pressure and Temperature
Porosity, Permeability and Fluid Saturation
Fluid Flow Equations
The Material Balance Equation
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Reservoir Fluid Flow and Natural Drive Mechanisms
(s779)
Introduction
Gas Reservoirs
Condensate Reservoirs
Condensate Reservoirs: Pressure Maintenance
Solution Gas Drive
Solution Gas Drive Reservoir Performance
Solution Gas Drive and the Material Balance Eq.
Gas Cap Drive
Gas Cap Drive and the Material Balance Equation
Water Drive
Water Drive Reservoir Performance
Water Drive and the Material Balance Equation
Gravity Drainage
Combination Drive Oil Reservoirs
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Exercise No. 16
Exercise No. 17
Exercise No. 18
Exercise No. 19
Exercise No. 20
Exercise No. 21
Exercise No. 22
Exercise No. 23
Exercise No. 24
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
(t984)
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Sandstone Reservoir Environments
(s783)
Introduction
Alluvial Fan Environments
Braided Stream Environments
Meandering Stream Environments
Deltaic Environments
Barrier Island Environments
Eolian Environments
Shallow Marine Shelf Environments
Deep Marine Environments
Pore Systems and Diagenesis
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Carbonate Reservoir Environments
(s782)
Introduction
Shelf Environments
Reefs and Other Shelf Margin Environments
Deep Basin Environments (Chalk)
Pore Systems and Diagenesis
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Reservoir Characterization
(s781)
Introduction
Structure and Geometry
Internal Architecture
Tools for Studying Rock Pore Systems
Petrophysical Properties: Porosity and Permeability
Petrophysical Properties: Analysis
Rock Typing
Reservoir Zonation: the Flow Unit Concept
Reservoir Zonation: Use of Field Data
Case Studies in Reservoir Characterization
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Improved Recovery Processes
(t987)
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Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding and Gas Injection
(s784)
Introduction
Wettability
Capillary Pressure
Capillary Pressure and Water Saturation
Relative Permeability, Mobility Ratio
Fractional Flow and Frontal Advance Equations
Waterflood Calculations: Diffuse Flow
Waterflood Calculations: Segregated Flow
Waterflood Performance: Influencing Factors
Waterflood Sweep Efficiencies
Waterflood Prediction Methods, Stratified Media
3-D Waterflood Prediction Methods
Waterflood Prediction Methods, Evaluation
Waterflood Design: Reservoir Considerations
Waterflood Design: Well Pattern Selection
Waterflood Design: Project Timing
Pilot Flooding
Water Requirements
Gas Injection: Introduction
Gas Injection Performance Calculations
Gas Injection for Pressure Maintenance
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Enhanced Recovery: Miscible Flooding
(s136)
Introduction
Miscible Flooding with Hydrocarbon Fluids
Miscible Flooding with Carbon Dioxide
Equilibrium Phase Behavior
Phase Equilibrium Diagrams
Phase Behavior in Hydrocarbon Miscible Floods
Phase Behavior in Carbon Dioxide Floods
Phase Behavior and Reservoir Heterogeneity
Fluid Dispersion
Sweep Efficiency
Irregular Well Patterns
Viscous Fingering, Gravity Tonguing
Reservoir Heterogeneity Effects
Immiscible Flow Processes in Miscible Floods
Recovery Estimates: Single Well Patterns
Reservoir Simulator Applications
Case Studies, Miscible Flood Projects
Laboratory Testing and Flood Design
Oil Recovery Calculations
Phase Equilibrium Calculations
Fluid Mechanics Calculations
Immiscible Flood Calculations
Well-Pattern Sweep Efficiency
Streamline, Stream-Tube Calculations
Vertical Sweep Efficiency Models
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Exercise No. 16
Exercise No. 17
Exercise No. 18
Exercise No. 19
Exercise No. 20
Exercise No. 21
Exercise No. 22
Exercise No. 23
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
(t989)
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Reservoir Simulation
(s137)
Introduction
Steps in a Simulation Study
Rock and Fluid Properties in Simulation
Reservoir Flow Geometries and Dimensions
Flow Equations: Single Phase
Flow Equations: Multi-Phase and Compositional
Flow Equations: Boundary and Initial Conditions
Analytical vs. Numerical Solution Methods
Grid Systems
Grid Sizing, Orientation, Refinement
Time Step Selection
Finite Difference Approximation of Flow Equations
Solution Methods: Single Phase Flow Equations
Solution Methods: Multi-Phase Flow Equations
Solutions and Internal Checks: Matrix Equations
Data Collection and Preparation
Pseudo-Functions
Computational Requirements
Special Purpose Simulators
History Matching, Forecasting and Updating
Case Study in Reservoir Simulation
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Exercise No. 16
Exercise No. 17
Exercise No. 18
Exercise No. 19
Reserves Estimation
(s138)
Introduction
Uncertainties in Reserve Estimates
Reserves Definitions and Classifications
Estimation Methods: Overview
Analogy and Statistical Methods
Volumetric Estimates of Initial Oil/Gas in Place
Volumetric Mapping
Volumetric Recovery Estimates: Oil Reservoirs
Volumetric Recovery Estimates: Condensates
Volumetric Recovery Estimates: Gas Reservoirs
Reservoir Heterogeneity
Reserves Allocation
Material Balance Methods: Introduction
Material Balance Equation: Expanded Form
Material Balance: Havlena-Odeh Applications
Material Balance Prediction Methods
Material Balance: Volumetric Gas Reservoirs
Performance/Decline Trend Analysis
Special Problems in Estimating Reserves
Case Studies
Reserves Analysis and Field Development
Reserves Estimates and Improved Recovery
Figures and Correlations
Nomenclature
References
Additional Reading
Issues in Reservoir Management
(t991)
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Evaluation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
(s780)
Worldwide Distribution; Major Rock Types
Fracture Origins and Rock Mechanics
Fracture Properties
Reservoir Management Issues
Data Sources: Cores and Outcrops
Data Sources: Downhole Surveys
Data Sources: Drilling, Well Tests, Production
General Reservoir Classifications
Porosity and Permeability from Core Analysis
Reservoir Characterization and Modeling
Calculations of Recovery, Oil-in-Place
Interporosity Flow Processes; Water/Gas Coning
Improved Recovery Methods
Performance Prediction
Case Studies
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Exercise No. 12
Exercise No. 13
Exercise No. 14
Exercise No. 15
Exercise No. 16
Reservoir Management of Mature Fields
(s140)
Integrated Reservoir Management
Geologic Mapping and Reservoir Simulation
3-D Seismics and Cross-Hole Tomography
Data Collection
Evaluation Methodology
Geological Input
Report Presentation
Reservoir Evaluation: Case Study
Waterflood Screening
Reinterpretation Based on Production History
Waterflood Surveillance and Monitoring
Waterflood Surveillance: Case Studies
Waterflood Surveillance: Emerging Trends
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Screening Guidelines
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Surfactant Flooding
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Polymer Flooding
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Alkaline Flooding
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Carbon Dioxide Flooding
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Thermal Processes
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Project Design
Nomenclature
References
Additional Reading
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Exercise No. 4
Exercise No. 5
Exercise No. 6
Exercise No. 7
Exercise No. 8
Exercise No. 9
Exercise No. 10
Exercise No. 11
Offshore Operations
Offshore Production Facilities
(t36282)
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Overview Of The Offshore Petroleum Industry
(s36283)
Introduction
Origins And Key Historical Markers
Present Scope Of Offshore Activities
Current Trends And Challenges
Regulation Of The Offshore Industry
Primary Design Considerations For Offshore Production Facilities
(s36289)
Characteristics Of The Marine Environment
Principal Design Requirements
The Behavior Of Floating Vessels And Structures
Development Project Drivers And Key Decision Factors
(s36293)
Introduction
Volume Of Exploitable Oil And Gas Reserves
Quality Of Reservoir And Produced Fluids
Production Rates And Depletion Schedule
Schedule To First Oil.
Water Depth And Environmental Regime
Areal Extent Of Resources
Distance To Markets And Existing Infrastructure
Other Drivers And Complicating Factors
Platforms And Surface Facilities
(s36303)
General Classifications of Offshore Platforms
Common Platform Features And Components
Fixed Bottom-founded Platforms
Floating Production Units: General Description
Column-stabilized Floating Production Units
Ship-shaped And Barge (monohull) FPSO
FPSO Operations
Spar Platforms
Innovations Variations And Combinations
Subsea Production Facilities
(s36313)
General Considerations
Subsea Wellheads And Production Trees
Templates And Manifolds
Subsea Separation And Pumping Systems
Flowlines And Connection Systems
Control Umbilicals
Subsea Control Systems
Field Architecture
Installation And Intervention
Offshore Pipelines
(s36323)
Overview
Pipeline Route Selection
Pipeline Installation Methods And Equipment
Offshore Pipeline Connections
Pipeline Repair
Offshore Production Equipment And Operations
(s36329)
Introduction
Ensuring Safe Operations
Development Drilling
Main Production And Processing Equipment
Critical Operations
Process Control
Organization And Personnel
Decommissioning And Removal Of Offshore Facilities
(s36337)
Introduction
Regulatory Framework
General D And R Procedures
Notable Examples Of D And R
Deepwater Drilling
(t36797)
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Deepwater Projects And Environments
(s36798)
Overview
Deepwater Defined
Worldwide Deepwater Activity
Deepwater Environments
Deepwater Rig Requirements
Project Management Considerations
Deepwater Drilling Systems And Equipment
(s36804)
Introduction
Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
Floating Production Units
Principal Marine Systems
Drilling Systems
Riser Systems
Subsea Equipment
Maintenance Program
Deepwater Well Planning And Design
(s36813)
General Considerations
Completion And Intervention
Pressure Prediction
Deepwater Well Construction
(s36817)
Sequence Of Operations For A Typical Exploration Well
Deepwater Completions
Drilling Problems In Deepwater Wells
Advanced Solutions For Deepwater Drilling Challenges
(s36821)
Introduction
Managing Narrow Pressure Margins
Riserless Drilling
Continuous Circulation System
Solid Expandable Tubulars
Casing Drilling
Rotary Steerable Systems
Logging-while-drilling (lwd)
Slim Pressurized Riser With Surface Bop
Dual Activity Operations
Deepwater Case Histories
(s36832)
Introduction
Development Wells
Depleted Sands
Narrow Pressure Margins And Salt Sequences
Horizontal Completions
Petroleum Economic Analysis and Fundamentals
Energy Project Economics and Risk Analysis
(t37308)
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Introduction
(s37354)
Introduction
Introduction
Cash Flow
(s37309)
Cash Flow Video
Cash Flow Fundamentals
Project Cash Flow
Future and Present Value Analysis
(s37315)
Future and Present Value Analysis Video
Future Value
Present Value
Discount Factor and Cost of Equity
Present Value of a Project
(s37351)
Presente Value of a Project Video
Present Value of a Project Cash Flow (100% Equity)
Calculating the Internal Rate of Return of a Project
(s37326)
Calculating the Internal Rate of Return of a Project Video
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Risk Analysis
(s37329)
Risk Analysis Video
Incorporating Uncertainty into Project Economics Analysis
Deterministic Estimates
Preparing a Spider and Tornado Diagrams
Monte Carlo Simulation
Impact of Debt Financing (Leverage) on Project Economics
(s37333)
Impact of Debt Financing (Leverage) on Project Economics Video
Introduction
Impact of Debt
Debt Sensitivity Analysis
Summary of Financial Results
(s37343)
Summary of Financial Results Video
Measures of Project Performance
Risk Analysis Applied to Petroleum Investments
(t142)
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Risk Analysis Fundamentals
(s1510)
Risk and Uncertainty
Deterministic, Scenario and Stochastic Models
Models in the Oil and Gas Industry
Graphical Decision-Making Tools
Measures of Profitability
Exercise No. 1
Probability Distributions
(s1511)
Descriptive Statistics
Fundamentals of Probability and Statistics
Common Distribution Types
Confidence Intervals and Probability Intervals
Dependent Events and Conditional Probability
Subjective Probability and Expert Opinion
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Monte Carlo Simulation Models
(s1512)
Introduction
Sampling Random Variables
Running the Simulation
Recognizing Dependence Among Input Parameters
Incorporating Dependency
Production Forecast with Simple Economics
Volumetric Models: the Lognormal Distribution
Porosity and Saturation Model: Built-in Dependency
Competitive Bidding
(s1513)
Introduction
Lease Sales
Terminology
Sampling of Oil and Gas Industry Literature
Monte Carlo Simulation
General Readings Outside Petroleum Engineering
Other Petroleum Engineering Topics
Natural Gas Fluid Properties
(t141)
TOPIC LEVEL:
Subtopic Listing:
BROWSE
LEARN
PRINT
Natural Gas Fluid Systems
(s1505)
Components
Single-Component Systems
Multi-Component Systems
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Natural Gas Fluid Properties
(s1506)
Ideal Gas Law and Standard Conditions
Real Gas Behavior
Gas Viscosity
Heating Value and Dew Point
Basic Measurement Parameters
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3
Temperature Measurement
(s1507)
Bimetal Thermometer
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
Filled System Thermometer
Thermocouples and Resistance Thermometer
Exercise No. 1
Pressure Measurement
(s1508)
Manometer
Dead Weight Tester
Mechanical Gauges
Electronic Sensors
Calibration
Volume and Flow Rate Measurement
(s1509)
Orifice Measurement Principles
Orifice Meters
Positive Displacement Meters
Turbine Meters
Vortex Flow Measurement
Meter Calibration and Correction
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Gravity/ Density Measurement and Gas Composition
(s5197)
Gas and Liquid Gravity
Gas Chromotography
Exercise No. 1
Natural Gas Fluid Sampling
(s5198)
Well Selection
Well Conditioning
General Sampling Guidelines
Dry Gas Sampling
NGL Sampling
Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Mass Flow Rate
(s5199)
Indirect Measurement
Direct Measurement
Exercise No. 1
Mixed Stream Composition
(s5200)
Mathematical Recombination
Oil and Gas Pipelines
(t5723)
TOPIC LEVEL:
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Overview of Oil and Gas Pipelines
(s5724)
General Overview
Purpose and Scope
Alternatives to Pipelines
Phases of Pipeline Development
Pipeline Components
Main Capital Cost Elements
Case Study
Hydraulics
(s5767)
Hydraulics Analysis and Line Sizing
Liquid Pipeline
Waxy Crude
Gas Pipelines
Two-Phase Flow
Case Study
Exercise on Oil Pipeline Sizing
Exercise on Gas Pipeline Sizing
Mechanical Design
(s5776)
Pipeline Mechanical Design
Pipeline Vs Facilities Piping
Pipelines Codes and Standard
Pipeline Mechanical Design Considerations
Case Study
Exercise on Wall Thickness
Construction
(s5783)
Introduction
Onshore Construction
Offshore Construction
Testing
Case Study
Operations
(s5789)
Pipeline Operations
Pipeline Commissioning
Routine Operations
Pipeline Integrity Assessment
Pipeline Emergencies and Repairs
Case Study
Integrated Reservoir Characterization
(t5858)
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Introduction to Integrated Reservoir Characterization
(s5859)
Overview
Assembly and Review of Existing Data
(s5861)
Overview of Phase 1 - Existing Data
Assembling Geological Data
Assembling Geophysical Data
Assembling of Engineering Data
Integration of Existing Data
Data Acquisition
(s5867)
Purpose and Goals in Phase 2 - New Data Acquisition
Roles of each Discipline
Geology
Geophysics
Petroleum Engineering
Integration
Data Analysis and Interpretation
(s5874)
Overview of Phase 3 - Data Analysis and Interpretation
Basic Roles of Each Discipline
Geology
Geophysics
Petroleum Engineering
Data Integration
(s5880)
Overview of Phase 4 - Data Integration
Assemble Integrated Reservoir Model
Geostatistical Analysis
Reservoir Simulation
Economic Analysis and Development Strategies
Conclusion
(s5886)
Summary and Conclusion
Recommended Processes
(s5888)
Concepts of Work Flow
Recommended Approaches - Options
Formation Evaluation
Well Logging
Overview of Formation Evaluation
(t38928)
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Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation and the Subsurface Environment
(s38929)
The Scope of Formation Evaluation
Objectives of Formation Evaluation
Overview of Formation Evaluation Methods
Drilling Mud, Mud Cake and Mud Filtrate Invasion
Core Alteration during Recovery
Fundamentals of Rock and Fluid Properties and Their Measurement by Logging Tools
(s38938)
Introduction
Overview of Logging While Drilling (LWD) and Wireline Logging Operations
Porosity and Formation Factor
Permeability and the Porosity-Permeability Relationships
Formation Resistivity and Fluid Saturation
Acoustic Logging and its Applications
Neutron, Gamma Ray and Density Logging and their Applications
Fundamentals of Laboratory Measurements of Rock and Fluid Properties
(s38949)
Introduction to Core Analysis
Measuring Porosity
Measuring Permeability
Overview of Other Types of Routine Core Analysis
Special Core Analysis (SCAL) and Specialist Studies
Fundamentals of Well Testing and Analysis
(s38974)
Objectives of Well Testing
Well Test Analysis: Pressure Transient Analysis in Buildup
Skin Factor
Integration of Well Test Analysis with other Subsurface Data
Logging Equipment and Operational Procedures
(t38993)
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Wireline Logging Equipment
(s38994)
Wireline Logging Process
Wireline Logging Setup
Logging Units
Wireline Logging Cable, Drum, Logging Head and Weak Point
Overview of Common Wireline Logging Tools
Wireline Logging Operational Procedures
(s39002)
The Wireline Logging Program
Stuck Wireline Cable or Logging Tools
Wireline Log Quality Control
Logging While Drilling (LWD) Equipment and Operational Procedures
(s39008)
Overview of the LWD Process
LWD Tool Conveyance and Operating Environment
LWD Logging Tools and Overview of Applications
LWD Data Recovery to the Surface
LWD Quality Control and Remedial Options
Comparison of LWD and Wireline Logging
Well Logging Tools and Techniques
(t29948)
TOPIC LEVEL:
Subtopic Listing:
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LEARN
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Magnetic Resonance Logs
(s23381)
An Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logging
Principles of Operation
Tool Description
NMR Interpretation
Job Planning and Log Quality Control
NMR Applications
Case Histories
Glossary of Terms
References
Additional Reading
Spontaneous Potential Log
(s29995)
Introduction
Applications of the Spontaneous Potential Log
Factors Affecting the SP
Gamma Ray Log
(s29999)
Overview
Gamma Rays and Natural Radiation
Calibration of Gamma Ray Detectors and Logs
Resistivity Logs
(s30003)
Introduction
Tool Response
Tool Spacing
Conventional Electric Logs
Laterolog Overview
Laterolog Tools (LL3, LL7 and Dual Laterolog)
Laterolog Corrections
Anomalous Laterolog Behavior
Introduction to Induction Tools
Induction Principles
Microresistivity Tools
Dielectric Logs
(s30015)
Principles of Dielectric Tools
Density Logs
(s30017)
Overview of Density and Photoelectric Logs
Principles of Density Logging
Adverse Influences and Calibration
Applications
Neutron Logs
(s30022)
Introduction to Neutron Logging
Neutron Porosity Measurements
Evolving Design of Neutron Tools
Acoustic Logs
(s30026)
Overview
Principles of Acoustic Logging
Adverse Influences
Porosity and Other Applications
Special Open Hole Tools
(s35946)
Caliper Log: Description
Caliper Log: Interpretation Methods
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log
Borehole Gravimeter
Borehole Televiewer
Cased Hole Logs
(s35947)
Pulsed Neutron Tool
Pulsed Neutron Interpretation
Carbon/Oxygen Log
Casing Inspection Logs
(s35948)
Introduction
Casing/Tubing Caliper Logs
Electrical Potential Log
Cement Bond Log
Electromagnetic Thickness Log
Borehole Televiewer
Production Logs
(s35949)
Profile Logs
Fluid Identification Logs
Temperature Logs
Sampling and Testing
(s35950)
Sidewall Coring
Wireline Formation Tester
Well Log Interpretation
(t26)
TOPIC LEVEL: